eng
High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University
Journal of High Institute of Public Health
2357-0601
2357-061X
2009-10-01
39
4
582
604
10.21608/jhiph.2009.20854
20854
Original Article
Engaging Universities and Ministry of Health in Evaluation of Reformed Community Medicine Training Program
Madiha Abdelrazik
1
Doa’a Saleh
2
Rehab Ahmed
3
Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Background: Reform of the community medicine training program (CMTP) for the undergraduate medical students is crucial for successful medical education and community development. Objective To evaluate the practical component of the reformed CMTP by: 1) reviewing the students' performance, 2) exploring the perspectives of the public health department (PHD) staff at Cairo and Ain-Shams Universities towards the program 3) exploring the views of the managers of the Ministry of Health (MOH) Primary Health Care (PHC) centers where medical students receive their PHC training towards the program. Methods: Quantitative data were obtained by reviewing the performance scores of 1492 students. Qualitative data were obtained by focus group discussions with PHD staff and MOH PHC managers. Results: It was found that the total students' mean score was 94.2%. About 91% of students scored >85% of the total marks. PHD staff from both universities expressed appreciation to the introduction of generic skills in the CMTP. They referred the success in management of CMTP to small-group teaching. The community-oriented and service-learning approaches also added more points to the CMTP. The MOH PHC managers acknowledged the CMTP which would contribute to preparing future physicians to have vital role in the dynamic health system.
https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_20854_926bcd20705c683f6279e9e48aab0ae5.pdf
Training in Community Medicine
Stakeholder in Medical Education
public health
primary health care
Egypt
eng
High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University
Journal of High Institute of Public Health
2357-0601
2357-061X
2009-10-01
39
4
605
619
10.21608/jhiph.2009.20855
20855
Original Article
Knowledge and Attitude of Teachers In Kindergarten about Children with Epilepsy
Hala Elgarawany
1
Department of Child Health, Kindergarten Collage Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
The aim of the present work was to examine the knowledge and attitude of teachers in kindergartens about children with epilepsy. Descriptive cross-section research design was used. The study was conducted in six experimental governmental schools represent the six educational areas in Alexandria. The sample of the study was 167 teachers. Data was collected through distributing self completed questionnaires in each school included in the study. There were significant relations between level of education and positive attitude towards epileptic children. There was signification relation between years of experiences and correct knowledge about epilepsy in children.
https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_20855_5c280daf4b3d5f5cc763f260c4671ed4.pdf
Knowledge
Attitude
teachers
kindergarten
children
Epilepsy
eng
High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University
Journal of High Institute of Public Health
2357-0601
2357-061X
2009-10-01
39
4
620
638
10.21608/jhiph.2009.20856
20856
Vitamin D Supplementation: Optimal Dose, Real Benefits and Potential Side Effects (A Review)
Mohammed Al-Rowaily
1
Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU - HS) National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Vitamin D, is a lipid- soluble vitamin obtained from both exogenous and endogenous sources. Vitamin D3 is found naturally contains vitamin D, but other dietary sources of Vitamin D are from the fortified foods, like milk and cereals, or from nutritional supplements. In recent years, rickets and Osteomalacia are reappearing, not only in temperate zones with limited sunshine but also in sunnier climates such as Australia, the USA, Ethiopia, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia. Research results strongly suggested that 1,25-(OH)2D3 may have a direct action through its receptor in the parathyroid glands, The presence of receptor has led to a study of the possible function of vitamin D in these organs. A good example of a new function described for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is that found in the parathyroid gland, this is also true for the role of vitamin D hormone in skin, the immune system, a possible role in the pancreas, i.e., in the islet cells, and a possible role in female reproduction. Many studies have examined the relationship between Vitamin D levels and cardiovascular disease, metabolic, immune system and cancer risk. With the reemergence of hypovitaminosis D among adults and elderly age group, questions regarding the most appropriate treatment regimen require clarifications. Multiple treatment regimens have been proposed to treat hypo-vitaminosis D in young children and adults, including the daily or weekly, yearly orally and parental routes. New megadoses therapies have been used recently. We would like to highlight the recent evidence regarding their uses and safety.
https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_20856_d83483418dbf7e28cf071106afebba95.pdf
Vitamin D
Hypovitaminosis
Megadose
Stosstherapy
eng
High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University
Journal of High Institute of Public Health
2357-0601
2357-061X
2009-10-01
39
4
639
653
10.21608/jhiph.2009.20858
20858
Original Article
Avian Flu: Knowledge of Primary Health Care Centers Attendees in Al-Khobar City, Eastern Saudi Arabia
Amr A. Sabra
1
Attia Z. Taha
2
Magdy A. Darwish
3
Department of Tropical Health (Primary Health Care Division), High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Background: Avian influenza is considered as a global health problem. Knowledge of the people about avian flu is important to implement different prevention and control measures and to raise the level of their awareness. Objective: was to assess the level of knowledge about avian flu among Primary Health Care Centers (PHCCs) attendees, and to determine possible associations between knowledge and some socio-demographic characteristics. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in two randomly selected PHCCs in Al-Khobar city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) during 2009. The total sample size was 1420 persons. Data collection was accomplished through using an interviewer-administered questionnaire which was composed of 2 main parts atttendees’ socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge questions. The total knowledge score was divided into 2 equal categories: poor and good knowledge. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and stepwise logistic regression analysis were used. Results: The majority of the attendees were Saudis (89.4%), of young age (15-<30years) (56.2%) and were married (50.8%). About 41.5% were unemployed, and 42.7% had university or higher education. About three quarters (74.4%) of the PHCCs attendees had good level of knowledge and only 25.6% had poor knowledge regarding avian flu. The stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that the following factors were found to be independently significantly associated with increased level of knowledge: male gender (OR=1.44, CI=1.098-1.890), higher level of education (OR=1.7, 95% CI=1.439-2.009) and younger age (OR=1.546, 95% CI= 1.257-1.902). PHCCs were mentioned by only 2.9% of the attendees as a source of information about avian influenza. Conclusion: Although the majority of PHCCs attendees had good knowledge about avian flu, yet more efforts are needed to give priority to those who had poor knowledge (females, lower educational level, low monthly income and elderly people). Health messages should be designed in a way that they could be understood by all people using all available channels. PHCCs should have more roles in educating the public about avian flu.
https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_20858_4b676dc6aa7ac57b06292e582ec5a001.pdf
Knowledge
Avian Flu
Primary Health Care Centers
Attendees
Saudi Arabia
eng
High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University
Journal of High Institute of Public Health
2357-0601
2357-061X
2009-10-01
39
4
654
668
10.21608/jhiph.2009.20859
20859
Original Article
Awareness of Occupational Health Hazards among Street Sweepers and Garbage Collectors at Beni-Suef City, Egypt: A Cross-Sectional Study
Mervat Rahma
1
Ashraf Ewis
2
Tamer Hifnawy
3
Department of Industrial Health, Faculty of Nursing, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
Department of Public Health and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
Background: Street sweepers and garbage collectors play an important role in maintaining health and hygiene in the communities. However, they usually work at risky environments that expose them to various morbid conditions. Objective: In this study, we aimed at evaluating awareness and attitudes of Egyptian street sweepers and garbage collectors regarding the occupational risks they are exposed to and its preventive measures. Methods: In a descriptive study, 70 randomly-selected street sweepers and garbage collectors from Beni-Suef city, Egypt were randomly selected and approached through direct interviews with a semi-tailored questionnaire. Results: The results indicated that street sweepers and garbage collectors were aware of occupational health hazards and diseases, to which they are exposed and may encounter at work. Nevertheless, during the past 12 months, 41.4% of them experienced a job-related health problem. They sweep streets and collect garbage directly with unprotected hands and without using any personal protective equipment. Additionally, their attitudes towards taking preventive measures while working did not match their knowledge about their job-related health hazards. Conclusion: Street sweepers and garbage collectors should be treated as a vulnerable group that requires pre-placement and in-service orientations, health education, vaccinations, medical check-ups, with close monitoring of their attitudes and practice.
https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_20859_44e7ed6fbf43e09cc56e44d4666784e4.pdf
Street sweepers
Garbage collectors
Occupational hazards
Awareness
Attitude
Egypt
eng
High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University
Journal of High Institute of Public Health
2357-0601
2357-061X
2009-10-01
39
4
669
686
10.21608/jhiph.2009.20860
20860
Original Article
Assessment of Knowledge and Practice of Primary School Personnel towards Communicable Diseases among School Age Students in El-Minia City
Amal H
1
Shokria Labeeb
2
Mahmoud El-Sherief
3
Mervat Ahmed
4
B.C Nursing educated program -Faculty of Nursing, Minia University, El Minia, Egypt
Department of Community Health Nursing-Faculty of Nursing, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine-Faculty of Nursing, Minia University, El Minia, Egypt
Department of Community Health Nursing-Faculty of Nursing, Minia University, El Minia, Egypt
Background: School age children are the parents, workers, leaders, and decision makers of tomorrow & their futuer success depends in good measure on acheivment of their educational goal today. Communicable diseases (CD) are the leading cause of killer of children and young adults. It accounts for over half the total burden of disease in poor countries with high mortality rates. In particular, they cause over 13 million deaths each year, and account for one out of every two children’s deaths. In addition, a small number of infectious diseases are responsible for 90% of deaths: pneumonia, AIDS, diarrhea, tuberculosis, malaria, and measles Person with infectious diseases may exhibit a broad spectrum of disease that rang from inapparent infection to severe and fatal disease and increase spread of infection to large number of people thus increase economic burden. Objective: study is to assess knowledge and practices of school personnel towards communicable diseases among school students. Methods: Study subjects were distributed among the following schools: Elekhssass, Shallaby, Eltagrebia, Elfoly, Elmontazha, Elsalah, Houda Shaghrawy, Saaed Zaglol,Taric Ebn Ziaed, Othman Ebn A fan, Elsaedia and Omar Ebn Elkhtab. In El-Minia city 2008; subjects of this study are consist of a sample size which inclued 525 primary school personnel (471 teachers, 42 workers and 12 school nurses),the schools selected randomly after excluding of private schools and schools with special needs. The tools used included tow types; a)-structured assessment questionnaire, and b)-observational checklist. Results: There are statistical significant differences were found among awareness of school personnel about infection and (CD). Statistically significant differences were found among awareness of school personnel about measures used to prevent spread of infection among students. There are statistical significant differences were found among school personnel related to the sources of getting information. There are statistical significant differences were found between school teachers and nurses when they find communicable diseases among students. There are statistical significant differences were found between school teachers and nurses toward health education. Conclusion and Recommendations: All school personnel weren’t completely oriented to (CD) that affect their students, lack of inservice training program for the school personnel, and unavailability of health insurance guide books, and all school workers had not any protective clothes during work time. All school districts should provide initial inservices training program about (CD) for all staff, and an annual update for the all.
https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_20860_03f376e9d8acf259cfe68c095720032a.pdf
Assessment Knowledge And Practice
Primary School Personnel
Communicable Diseases
eng
High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University
Journal of High Institute of Public Health
2357-0601
2357-061X
2009-10-01
39
4
687
708
10.21608/jhiph.2009.20861
20861
Original Article
Quality of Patients’ Dying and Death Experience in Mansoura University Hospitals: Nurses' Perception
Wafaa Gameel
1
Nahed Kandeel
2
Department of Adult Care Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Department of Critical Care Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Death is fundamental to the nature of being human. Critical care nurses and oncology nurses care for dying patients daily. The process of dying in intensive care units (ICUs) and oncology department is complicated, and research on the quality of end of life care and dying experience is limited in Egypt. The main aim of the current study was to describe the quality of dying and death experience of patients as perceived by nurses working in oncology department and ICUs in Mansoura University Hospitals, and compare nurses' perception in the two clinical settings. The sample involved 90 nurses (45 critical care nurses and 45 oncology nurses). Data were collected using a questionnaire sheet which gathered information about nurses' demographic characteristics, and the modified version of the Quality of Death and Dying questionnaire which elicited nurses' perception of patients' dying experiences in ICUs and oncology department. The majority of nurses reported that their patients were unable to feed themselves and did not spend enough time with their families during the end of life period. Nurses also reported that their dying patients suffered pain, nausea and/or vomiting. More than half of the nurses mentioned that their patients were not fully aware that they were dying and were not afraid of death. The findings of the study showed that cancer dying patients suffered more pain and nausea significantly than ICU patients. The majority of patients in oncology department had their family members with them during dying more than ICU patients. The findings of this study provided a rounded picture of the experience of dying patients in ICUs and oncology department. Such information can be used as a guide to enhance dying patients' experiences and improve end of life care in Egyptian hospitals.
https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_20861_b4edff27d333b4a1c536f3dfb3bac36a.pdf
Quality of Patients Dying
Death Experience
End of life care
Nurses' perception
eng
High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University
Journal of High Institute of Public Health
2357-0601
2357-061X
2009-10-01
39
4
709
728
10.21608/jhiph.2009.20862
20862
Original Article
Self – Care Practices of School Age Children with Nephrotic Syndrome
Abu Saad FE
1
Awadalla NJ
2
Departments of pediatric nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Background: Nephrotic syndrome is primarily a pediatric disease that is associated with high relapse rate. The nature of the disease and the side effects of medical treatments result in a great threat to children, families and society. Objective: to assess the level of self- care practices of school- aged children with Nephrotic syndrome and to identify the predictors of low self-carefuel shop Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was done to100 school-aged children with Nephrotic syndrome selected from the urology outpatient clinic at Mansoura university children's hospitals. Self-care practices of school age children with Nephrotic syndrome questionnaire (SCSCNSQ) Arabic version was developed by the researchers. Demographic, clinical, and self care requisites data were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 11. Results: most of the studied children had low level of self-care (self care deficit). Frequency of re-hospitalization, parents' socioeconomic standard, education and occupation were significant predictors for low self care. Regression analysis revealed that the Morerisky predictors in decreasing order are fathers' education, socioeconomic standard and frequency of hospital admission. Conclusion: Self-care level of nephrotic syndrome children should be assessed and educational training program should be provided to caregivers of children with risky predictors of low self care to improve disease outcome and minimize re-hospitalization.
https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_20862_0bdf39103ad87c01e9c073638245c68b.pdf
nephrotic syndrome
school age children
Self Care Level
predictors
eng
High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University
Journal of High Institute of Public Health
2357-0601
2357-061X
2009-10-01
39
4
729
746
10.21608/jhiph.2009.20863
20863
Original Article
Modeling of Ozone as a Disinfectant of Indicators Bacteria in the Drinking Water
Riham Hazzaa
1
Wafaa El-Shall
2
Mamdouh El- Messiry
3
Anwar Arafa
4
Hesham El-Naggar
5
Department of Environmental Health (Division of Environmental Engineering), High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Environmental Health (Division of Environmental Engineering), High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Environmental Health (Division of Environmental Engineering), High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Environmental Health (Division of Environmental Chemistry and Biology), High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Environmental Health (Division of Environmental Engineering), High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Background: Ozone is considered one of the most effective disinfectants that can inactivate resistant pathogenic microorganisms in which conventional disinfectant such as chlorine and chlorine dioxide faildue to its strong biocidal oxidizing property. Objective: The study aimed at modeling of ozone as a disinfectant of indicators bacteria in the drinking water. Methods: This work involved a series of batch experiments with raw water, taken from the intake of El-Nozha Water Purification Plant, Alexandria governorate. The ozone doses applied in this study were 1.2, 2.2, 3.4, and 4.3 mg/l. The disinfected effluent was collected at 5, 10, 20, and 30 min. The indicator microorganisms HPC bacteria, total coliforms, faecal coliforms and Streptococcus faecalis were examined before and after the ozonation. Results: The optimum ozone dosage applied in raw water to achieve 90% reduction of the indicator microorganisms was 2.5 mg/l. The optimum contact time to achieve 90% reduction of the indicator microorganisms in raw water was 8 min. By applying of ozone as post disinfection on filtered water, the reduction percent of the indicator microorganisms were 100%. This study estimated that the ozone cost was 1.76 piasters/m3. Conclusion and Recommendations: Ozone as a primary disinfection must be applied on raw water to reduce the formation of THMs due to pre-chlorination of raw water at present, in addition to effective killing power of ozone onto microorganisms that will improve water quality.
https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_20863_c9089d3b7db9e35b92a4cc0aa059375a.pdf
Disinfection
Faecal Coliforms
HPC Bacteria
Ozone
Streptococcus Fecalis
Total Coliforms
Water Purification Plant
eng
High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University
Journal of High Institute of Public Health
2357-0601
2357-061X
2009-10-01
39
4
747
767
10.21608/jhiph.2009.20864
20864
Original Article
The Effects of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Style on Job Satisfaction
Kamelia Saber
1
Wafaa Mostafa
2
Department of Nursing Administration, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Nursing Administration, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University (Damanhour Branch), Damanhour, Egypt
Effective leadership plays an important role in the growth and better performance of the organization. Understanding factors that influence job satisfaction is keys to enhancing morale within the profession and creating a secure future to support the demands of the aging population. Nurse’ managers are in an outstanding position to influence job satisfaction of nurses. By examining the relationship of perceived leadership styles of nurse managers and job satisfaction of staff nurses, the nursing profession can begin to establish positive, mutually beneficial relationships leading to efficiency, productivity, and job satisfaction for all nurses. This study was conducted in Alexandria University Students’ Hospital to determine head nurses’ leadership style as perceived by staff nurses and its relationship to nurses’ job satisfaction. A total of 120 staff nurses (n=120) working in all inpatient unit were chosen and data was collected using two questionnaires; the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (M.L.Q) and Job Satisfaction Questionnaire. The results revealed significant difference between head nurses' leadership style and nurses job satisfaction. Nurses who perceived head nurses as transformational leaders (TF) were more satisfied with intrinsic factors than nurses who perceived head nurses as transactional leaders (TA), who were satisfied more with extrinsic factors. In relation to intrinsic job satisfaction factors, nurses who perceived head nurses as TF leaders revealed with recognition for achievement, the work itself & responsibility and work hours, but for extrinsic job satisfaction factors serealed with supervision and job security. On the other hand, nurses who perceived head nurses as TA leaders were satisfied with intrinsic factors as sense of achievement, except the work itself & responsibility and for extrinsic factor they were Satisfied with Interpersonal relationship. No significant difference was found between their demographic characteristics except nurses’ age among nurses who perceived head nurses as transactional leaders. Managerial implications are presented based upon these results.
https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_20864_097c42048a432d5c2ada41c007ba72fa.pdf
Transformational
transactional
Leadership Style
Job Satisfaction