High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060132420021001Micronucleus Assay in Patients with Lung Cancer, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Non-Smoker Control66567620164910.21608/jhiph.2002.201649ENSoha F.KholeifHuman Genetics Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, EgyptMohamed M.MokhtarHuman Genetics Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, EgyptMahmoud M.IbrahimChest Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, EgyptNadia A.Abd El MonemDepartment of Radiation Sciences [Clinical Oncology Unit], Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20211027<span class="s1">During the last decades, cytogenetic markers in peripheral blood lymphocytes have been used to assess exposure to carcinogenic or mutagenic agents. This study was conducted with the aim of assessing the use of micronucleus [MN] assay as a marker in lung cancer and whether this method could predict cancer risk in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] as it is known that lung cancer is far more common in patients with COPD than in those with normal airflow. The study included 96 male subjects; 40 patients with lung cancer, 36 patients with COPD and 20 control subjects. Twenty five percent of cases with lung cancer and 86.1% of cases with COPD had MN frequency ranging from < 5-<15 MN/500 cytokinesis blocked [CB] binucleated cells compared to 100% in the control group. Forty percent of cases with lung cancer and 13.9% of cases with COPD had 15-20 MN/500 CB binucleated cells. Thirty five percent of cases with lung cancer had 20-25 MN/500 CB binucleated cells. These differences are statistically significant [X2= 75.2, p < 0.000]. In the lung cancer group, the mean MN/500 CB binucleated cells was 18.4±4.2 [range:12-27 MN/500 CB binucleated cells], in the group with COPD, the mean MN/500 CB binucleated cells was 8.3+4.1 [range:1-17 MN/500 CB binucleated cells] with 8 patients [22.2%] having MN in the cancer range, i.e. 12-17. The mean MN/500 CB binucleated cells of the control group was 5.4±2.5 [range:2-12 MN/500 CB binucleated cells]. These differences are statistically significant [least significant difference test]. All cases with lung cancer/and 63.9% of cases with COPD had mean MN frequency greater than the upper 95% CI of the mean MN frequency for the control group. Applying logistic regression analysis for the effect of risk factors revealed that lung cancer patients who were current or ex smokers had significantly higher MN frequencies than patients with COPD. The elevated levels of micronuclei in patients with lung cancer implies that micronucleus assay could be used as a method to detect cancer. Patients suffering from COPD who have elevated levels of micronuclei need to be followed up closely.</span>High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060132420021001Structure Assessment in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit67770220165510.21608/jhiph.2002.201655ENMohamed M S.Al-MommaniFaculty of Science and Technology, University of JordanNaila H.AmerDepartment of Health Administration and Behavioral Sciences, High Institute of Public Health, University of Alexandria, EgyptKamal NazifDepartment of Health Administration and Behavioral Sciences, High Institute of Public Health, University of Alexandria, EgyptRowaida Al-MaaitahFaculty of Science and Technology, University of JordanMagda EsawyFaculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, EgyptAshraf A Z.ZaghloulDepartment of Health Administration and Behavioral Sciences, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, EgyptJournal Article20211027<span class="s1">Structure is considered one of the three major approaches to the evaluation of quality the other two being process and outcome. Appraisal of structure involves the attributes of the settings in which care is delivered that include the material resources, the human resources, and the organizational structure. The aim of the study was to asses the quality of nursing care provided at the neonatal intensive care unit [NICU] at Princess Badia Teaching Hospital, Jordan, as regards the various components of structure domain within the context of quality. A checklist for structure assessment was developed which included criteria classified under three main areas namely, material resources, human resources, and organizational structure. Results revealed certain deviations from the recommended compliance scores for each area. Recommendations were proposed to stress the importance of the NICU being specifically built to reflect practice, environment, and cultural needs, as well as continuous education activities of NICU staff. Documented policy and procedure manuals were also recommended for assuring maintained quality care at the NICU.</span>High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060132420021001Treatability of Metal Finishing Wastewater in Alexandria70371420232110.21608/jhiph.2002.202321ENMagda M.MohamedDepartment of Environmental Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, EgyptOlfat D.EL-SebaieDepartment of Environmental Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, EgyptMamduh EL-MessieryDepartment of Environmental Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, EgyptMohamed H.RamadanDepartment of Environmental Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, EgyptJournal Article20211031Metal finishing wastes discharged to sewers may be harmful to sewer structure and toxic to treatment plant organisms. This study aims to study the characteristics and treatability of wastes representing the different types of metal finishing in Alexandria. Ten samples from each of the studied three metal finishing types have been collected over one year. The samples were subjected to complete physical and chemical analysis. Two treatment approaches were applied: precipitation and adsorption. The results of analysis indicated that the wastewater effluent violate the decree 44/2000. pH, conductivity, dissolved solids, total phosphate, and some heavy metals are examples of the parameters violated the decree limits. The results of the precipitation treatment using different doses of lime indicated that with increasing in pH, the reduction of all the measured parameters increased. pH of 9.5 [8.5 in case of anodizing waste] have given the best reduction of all the measured parameters and became complied with the decree limits. The results of activated carbon adsorption treatment in pH range from 4.5 to 7.5 indicated that adsorption efficiency increased with pH increasing. pH of 7.5 has been shown the best reduction of all the measured parameters and were complied with the decree limits. The study ended by some recommendations which can be followed to protect both the public health and the sewerage system from the effects of this kind of waste.High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060132420021001Evaluation of Sewer System in the Slum Area in Alexandria Governorate71573020232210.21608/jhiph.2002.202322ENMamduh El-MesseiryDepartment of Environmental Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, EgyptJournal Article20211031Alexandria City is the second capita of Egypt. The problem of interior immigration to Alexandria adds various problems to the available residence area. Slum areas are gradually formed and distributed around the circumference of Alexandria City. The aim of the work is to evaluate the sewer system in these areas, Alexandria Governorate. Slum areas suffer from the absent of sewer pipe system. A survey was conducted for slum areas in three representative areas were selected and applied to three different alternatives aiming at installing new sewer systems using different financial schemes. The selected areas were visited, studied and its sewer systems were evaluated. Three new sewerage projects were designed for each area. The construction costs of each project were calculated. Administrative and financial schemes were settled. Also, three Septic tank is the only means of wastewater disposal in slum area. Miserable sanitary condition was found in the selected slum Wastewater is flooding over the road level due to high population density and due tole areas, septic tanks malfunction. Some slum residences fill the road at the front of their homes with soil. Others construct privet sewer pipelines. These sewer pipelines did not follow any engineering standard. Also, these pipelines are malfunctioned due to pipes flat slope, small diameter, and limited capacity. Most of the manholes are uncovered. Regular maintenance is not made. The government has to provide funds to implement projects of proper sewer systems in slum areas. However, funding these projects is not available. The government should, at least, provide a funding mechanism and administrative schemes as an alternative to implement these projects. People in slum area can afford zero interest governmental loans for ten years, but they cannot afford repaying the revenue of BOT projects.High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060132420021001Hydraulic Evaluation of Drinking Water Network in Beni-Sweif City73174620232510.21608/jhiph.2002.202325ENMamduh El-MesseiryDepartment of Environmental Health, high Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, EgyptJournal Article20211031Bine-Sweif city is one of the Egyptian cities. Its drinking water utilities include two treatment plants, two pumping stations, and a distribution system. The distribution system includes ground reservoir, three elevated tanks, and pipe network. The aim of this work is to evaluate the performance of the distribution system in Bine-Sweif City. The city population and its water demands were studied. Data about the distribution system were collected and updated. These data includes the treatment plants capacities, the storage capacities, the lengths and diameter of pipes. A computer program has been designed, developed and verified to calculate the hydraulic head losses for water pipes networks. The water pressured was calculated for the case of maximum and minimum water consumption. In case of maximum water consumption the water pressure into the network ranged between 13 ms to 11 meters. That reflects the gap between the water demands and the water capacity of the treatment plants. By the year 1992 the treatment plant produced more water to cover the water demands. The water pressured was calculated for the case of maximum and minimum water consumption. More water is available for storage at period of minimum water consumption, from 8-pm to 8-am. The storage water covers the gap between the water production and maximum water consumption till the year 2020. In case of minimum water consumption the water pressure into the network ranged between 54 ms to 52 meters. This pattern of water pressure is sufficient to fill the elevated water tanks. In case of maximum water consumption the water pressure into the network ranged between 37 ms to 35 meters. This pattern of water pressure allows water to leave out the elevated tanks and to balance the water demands. The pipe network provides adequate water pressure at time of maximum water demands. The network avoids formation of pipe dead ends. And minimum risk of cross-contamination is expected.High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060132420021001The Effect of Maternal Position on Fundal Height Measurements; as a Clinical Assessment in Antenatal Period74776020263610.21608/jhiph.2002.202636ENMagda M.MohsenDepartment of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Menoufiya University, EgyptAida E.Ebd-Al RahmanDepartment of Maternal-Newborn Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Menoufiya University, EgyptJournal Article20211102Fundal height measurements are used frequently by nurse-midwives and community health nurse to determine whether uterine growth during pregnancy is progressing at a normal rate. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of the four maternal positions on fundal height measurements and to determine which position was preferred by women and clinicians. This study was conducted at the two maternal and child health centers representing Shebin El-Kom City, Menoufyia Governorate during spring & summer 2000 for 9-month period. The sample comprised two hundred women who fulfilled the required criteria: gestational age: 21-36 weeks, non-obese pregnant women [pre-pregnant body mass index of less than 25 cm., and women consent to participate in the study. Fundal height measurements were obtained in each of the four positions: supine, trunk elevation, knee flexion, and trunk elevation with knee flexion position. Four clinicians [physician, clinical instructors of Faculty of Nursing and two certified nurse-midwives] were participated in the study. A structured interviewing questionnaire schedule was used for data collection. It included data related to women's pre-pregnant weight, present weight, height, gravidity, parity, and date of last menstrual period [for calculating gestational weeks]. Before measurements were obtained, the woman was instructed that she would be asked which position was the most comfortable to her after all measurements were completed. Also the woman was asked to void if she had done so within the last 30 minutes before measurement. Once all measurements had been obtained, each woman was asked to identify which position she thought was the most comfortable for fundal height measurements. Clinicians also recorded their own assessment of which position they thought was easiest to obtain the fundal height measurements. The results revealed; •1 Measurements obtained in the four positions were significantly Different. •2 Measurements obtained in the supine position were the largest measurements as compared to the other three positions & were significantly with the trunk elevation with knee flexion [t= 4.46, p < 0.01]. •3 The supine position was preferred to be the most easier for the measurements by the clinicians, which contrast women preference.High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060132420021001Quality of Life Measurement in Patients with Psoriasis in Kuwait76177220265810.21608/jhiph.2002.202658ENMedhat El-ShazlyDepartment of Medical Statistics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, EgyptKhairia Al-MazeediDepartment of Dermatology, Mansouria Clinic, Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, KuwaitJournal Article20211102Psoriasis is a chronic recurrent and often disfiguring skin disease. It can seriously affect patient quality of life. Several instruments that measure health-related quality of life in psoriasis patients have been developed. This study aimed at appraising the validity and reliability of Dermatology Quality of Life questionnaire and to test if this scale could be applied in Kuwait. Eighty cases with severe psoriasis and 80 patients with other chronic skin diseases were selected. Subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire that included questions that focused on potential patients' physical activities [10 items], psychological feelings [4 items], social relationships [9 items] and sexual activity. All domains were scored in such a way that patients with the worst quality of life have the highest score. The questionnaire was tested for its reliability, internal consistency and construct validity. The study revealed a high degree of repeatability and reliability of the questionnaire. Coefficients of Cronbach's α were > 0.80 for all domains. Overall, the scales of the questionnaire could discriminate between cases and non-cases of psoriasis significantly. All scores of domains were directly and significantly correlated with each other. It was concluded that the test questionnaire is internally consistent, valid and the questions are understandable. Less than 5 minutes were needed to be completed by the patient. It is recommended that this questionnaire could be used for a wider survey on national level to assess the quality of life of psoriasis patient in Kuwait.High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060132420021001CHROMagar Staph Aureus versus Baird Parker Agar for the Detection and Enumeration of Staphylococcus Aureus from Cheese Samples77377620267510.21608/jhiph.2002.202675ENWafaa MK.BakrDepartment of Microbiology, High Institute f Public Health, Alexandria University, EgyptOla AS.WasfyDepartment of Microbiology, High Institute f Public Health, Alexandria University, EgyptJournal Article20211102This paper evaluates a new chromogenic plate medium, CHROMagar Staph aureus [CSAM], for the detection and enumeration of Staph.aureus in cheese samples compared to the conventional Baird Parker agar medium [BPAM]. CSAM showed a greater rates of recovery, specificity and efficiency reached 92.2%, 98.5% and 96.3% compared to those of BPAM which were 83.5%, 49.2% and 61.6% .On the basis of its excellent recovery, specificity, efficiency, ease of identification of the characteristic colored colonies especially if they were of very low counts in mixed cultures, CSAM can be recommended as a routine plating medium for detection and enumeration of Staph.aureus from food.High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060132420021001Assessment of Knowledge and Practices of Health Workers Regarding Surveillance Activities of Adverse Events Following Immunization and the Cold Chain System in Alexandria77779420354910.21608/jhiph.2002.203549ENNahla K.IbrahimDepartment of Epidemiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, EgyptMohammed SaleemDepartment of Epidemiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, EgyptAida A.RedaDepartment of Epidemiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, EgyptJournal Article20211107Successful immunization strategies depend on the provision of immunogenic vaccines and correct manufacture and storage of those vaccines. The aim of the present study was to assess the knowledge and practices of health workers dealing with immunization services about appropriate management of cold chain system. Their knowledge and practices concerning the surveillance activities of Adverse Events Following Immunizations [AEFIS] were also evaluated. A cross sectional study was conducted from June to September 2002 in all health offices providing immunization services in Alexandria. All health care personnel dealing with vaccines and cold chain present on the day of interview were included. The required data were collected through an observational checklist and two interviewing questionnaires. The results revealed that the total mean percent score of knowledge about vaccines and cold chain was only 49.50 % ± 9.73. The level of knowledge was related to the age, job, education of health worker and the more the better receiving training on cold chain system. The total mean percent practice score regarding cold chain system was 71.67%±9.2. The highest mean percent score [80.00 %±16.32] was obtained regarding elements of cold chain. As regards knowledge about surveillance of AEFIS, more than half of health workers [53.1 %] obtained poor knowledge score. The best knowledge was about adverse events following BCG immunization. Regarding practice, none of the visited sites had the special form for recording AEFIS, or the form for monthly recording of cases. It is concluded from the present study that the knowledge of health workers regarding immunization and cold chain is still low. The knowledge and practices regarding AEFIS is also poor. Extensive health education and training are needed to ensure that everyone involved in cold chain is familiar with all its facets. Provision of equipment like electric generators, solar refrigerators and cold chain monitors are considered important components for safe storage of vaccine and successful immunization program. Establishing a good surveillance system for AEFIS is recommended with development of rapid reporting channel from the field to the person in charge of monitoring vaccine- associated adverse events.High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060132420021001An Audit of the Quality of Data in the National Cancer Registry, King Khaled University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2000: A Statistical Approach79581020355910.21608/jhiph.2002.203559ENFayek El KhwskyMedical Research Institute, Alexandria University, EgyptNasser Al HamdanDirector of the Saudi National Cancer Registry, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDahish AgaremDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University and King Khaled University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaJournal Article20211107A National Cancer Registry [NCR] has been established in Saudi Arabia 1994, as a population based incidence registry. Two reports have been published, the second one was in 1996 showing that the crude incidence rate [CIR] of cancer account for 39.1/100.000. To utilize the data of the registry, and employ it to determine the guidelines of the national cancer control program it was necessary to assess the quality of data in the registry. The measures of quality control were applied in King Khaled University Hospital [KKUH] to the data collected during January 1st to December 30th ,2000.The completeness of case ascertainment was assessed through utilization of multiple data sources; medical records, Pathology reports and death certificates, by employing capture recapture method and building up several log linear models. Validity of data by reabstracting random sample [10%] of records to assess minor and major disagreement of certain items and Timeliness of data through calculation of Reporting Delay Time [RDT]. A total of 991 cancer cases were reported to the registry during the study period, [71.4%] of them have Medical records, [77.5%] have Pathology reports and [28.1%] have death certificate. A total of 571 missed cases were identified from the overlapping sources of reporting and fitting log linear models which assured dependency of the reporting methods. The adjusted rate of ascertainment was [63.4%]. The stage of cancer showed the highest of major disagreement [43.6%] followed by the histology and primary site[25.6% and 10.3% respectively] and date of diagnosis accounts for [23.1%]. On the other hand, 250 cases showed RDT less than 6 months. The overall audit of The National Cancer Registry office in King Khaled University Hospital is reasonable for a beginning registry and several recommendations have to be executed to increase the the ascertainment of cases and minimize under-reporting, measure to improve accuracy of data should be built- in and incorporated in every step of the registration process. The time lag between diagnosis or admission and reporting to the registry office should be scheduled and strictly applied to ensure timely data and subsequent correct rates.High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060132420021001Effect of some Antioxidant Vitamins on the Quality of Minced Meat81183220356510.21608/jhiph.2002.203565ENThanae M.AmineDepartment of Food Hygiene, Animal Health Research Institute, Doki, Giza, EgyptAzza M.AboulwafaDepartment of Food Hygiene, Animal Health Research Institute, Doki, Giza, EgyptMona O.Abou El-NileDepartment of Food Hygiene, Animal Health Research Institute, Doki, Giza, EgyptJournal Article20211107Forty imported brisket boneless beef meat samples were collected hygienically from Abalesome freezing stores with the same slaughtering date. Each samples was minced and divided into six equal groups. One group acted as control, 2 groups were mixed with 2 concentration of ascorbic acid [500-1000mg/kg] as [A1] and [A2] respectively. The fourth group vas mixed with a concentration of 300mg/kgm of a-tocopherol [E]. The rest two groups were mixed with a combination of 300mg/kg of a-tocopherol, and the previous two concentration of ascorbic acid [EA1, EA2]. Half of the samples were stored at 4°C and examined after mixing Izero time] as well as after 2,4,6 and 8 days, while the second half were stored at [-18°C] and examined also after mixing as well as after 1,2,3 and 4 months. All the groups were subjected to chemical examination for hydrogen ion concentration, total volatil nitrogen [T.V.N] and acid value [A.V], as well as to bacteriological examination for total bacterial count, staphylococcus aureus counts, coliform counts, psychrotrophic count and pseudomonas count. The present study revealed that the addition of ascorbic acid to minced meat significantly improved the keeping quality of both chilling and frozen minced meat with increasing their shelf-life as regarded in the picture of both chemical evaluation and the bacteriological study. Synergestic quality improvement occurred on the combination of a-tocopherol with ascorbic acid while no effect of a-tocopherol alone. All the obtained results were observed, recorded and discussed.High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060132420021001Role of Cytokines as Markers for Immunomodulation in Patients with Hepatitis C83384620511910.21608/jhiph.2002.205119ENMona H.El-SayedDepartment of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, EgyptOla Abdel KaderMicrobiology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, EgyptJournal Article20211116<span>In hepatitis C virus [HCV] infection, mechanisms responsible for liver cell damage are still poorly understood. Various attempts have been carried out to improve the characterization and understanding of the disease. T lymphocytes and immunoregulatory cytokines play an important role in the host response to HCV infection. In the present study soluble interleukin-2 receptor [sIL-2R] and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-a] were measured in serum by [ELISA], and alpha fetoprotein was assessed by [RIA] in twenty patients with HCV infection. In addition, ten apparently healthy subjects served as controls. The results showed increased serum level of slL-2R in patients group [783.65] U/ml than in control subject [774.19] U/ml. In the same time, the mean level of TNF-a also was significantly elevated in patients [1.51±1.01] than in control [0.39±0.07] ng/ml. Furthermore, three out of twenty HCV +ve patients had elevated serum AFP. These data indicate that the cellular immunity is obviously changed in HCV patients which is noticed by the elevation of sIL-2R and TNF-a, moreover the presence of high level of AFP in some individuals, which might reflect early detection of complications such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. </span>High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060132420021001C-band Heteromorphism in Lung Cancer Patients84785420512310.21608/jhiph.2002.205123ENSoha F.KholeifHuman Genetics Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, EgyptJournal Article20211116<span>C-band heteromorphisms including intra-pair asymmetry and inversions as well as deviation in size have been reported to be associated with some but not all human malignancies. The study was conducted with the aim of investigating intra-pair asymmetry, inversions and deviation in size of the C-band region of chromosomes 1, 9 and 16 in patients with lung cancer as compared to a group of healthy subjects. The study included 39 male patients with lung cancer and 29 normal healthy male subjects as a control. The size heteromorphism was evaluated using 16p as a reference. Heteromorphism between homologous chromosomes was considered when there was an intra-pair difference of one or more levels. Inversions whether partial [more than 1/4<sup>th</sup> of the C-band located on the short arm] or total were recorded. There was no significant difference in heterochromatin size between patients and control. Comparing the symmetry and heteromorphic pattern in chromosomes 1,9,16 revealed that heteromorphism was more frequent in lung cancer patients compared to the control groups; 56.41% [22/39] of patients with lung cancer showed heteromorphism in chromosome No 1 compared to 37.93% [11/29] in the control group, but the difference was statistically not significant [X<sup>2</sup> = 2.3]. Heteromorphism of chromosome No 9 was present in 51.28% [20/39] in lung cancer patients as compared to 34.48% [10/29] of the control, the difference was statistically not significant [X<sup>2</sup> = 2]. Heteromorphism of chromosome No 16 was present in 23.08% [9/39] of lung cancer patients as compared to 13.79% [4/29] of the control group, but the difference was statistically not significant [X<sup>2</sup> = 0.97]. The frequency of localization variants was higher in the lung cancer patients than the control; in patients with lung cancer, the frequency of inversions in chromosome No 1 was 8.98% [7/ 78] compared to 5.18% [3/58] in the control group. The frequency of inversions in chromosome 9 was 5.13% [4/78] in the group with lung cancer as compared to 1.73% [1/58] in the control group. The differences were statistically not significant.</span>High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060132420021001Assessment of Job Satisfaction among Primary Health Care Providers in Alexandria, Egypt85587220513510.21608/jhiph.2002.205135ENMohammed SaleemHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, EgyptIman DarwishFaculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, EgyptHoda GhribFaculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, EgyptJournal Article20211116<span>Job satisfaction is a measure of worker perception. Satisfaction is known to impact work performance, learning recruitment and retentions. Information about job satisfaction among health care providers in Alexandria and factors influencing it are inadequate. Therefore, this study aimed at assessment of the level of job satisfaction and the related dimensions among primary health care [PHC] providers in Alexandria. Moreover, the study aimed at examining the demographic and job characteristics in relation to job satisfaction. For achieving the aims of this study, a descriptive cross sectional approach was adopted. All available health care personnel providing PHC services in the seven health districts in Alexandria were included in the study. Data were collected using a structured closed self-administered specially-designed internal and external, each of which has nine dimensions. An overall job satisfaction score was calculated, taking into account importance and satisfaction subsidiaries. Data were collected during the period from July to September 2002. The studied sample totaled 538 health care providers. One quarter of the studied health care providers [25.3%] were physicians, more than half [54.5%] was nursing staff while paramedical personnel constituted 20.2%. Generally, job dissatisfaction was highly prevalent [74.2%] among the studied sample with a median Job Satisfaction Score [JSS] of -42. Dissatisfaction was high for external dimension, compared to the internal one [78.4% compared to 68.2%]. Moreover, overt dissatisfaction was highly prevalent regarding the 18 dimensions of job satisfaction, where the percent of dissatisfaction ranged from 47.2% to 77.3% of the sample. Moreover, PHC providers were least satisfied with available facilities, morality, financial advantages, work environment, and work regulation systems. On the other hand, PHC workers were most satisfied with gratitude &esteem, autonomy, social advantages, self-expression, work style and work group. Exploring the relation between demographic and job characteristics separately with job satisfaction revealed that, older health workers, males, physicians and senior workers had significantly higher median [JSS]compared to their counterparts. Multiple logistic regression results, stepwise models revealed that, being male was a predictor for being a satisfied physician, carrying Bachelor certificates and increasing age were predictors for being a satisfied nurse, increasing age, decreasing duration of work and carrying certificate less than Bachelor were predictors for being a satisfied paramedical personnel. It was recommended that: workload should be reduced through reforming the primary health care system and PHC workers should be provided by in-service vocational training, adequate salaries and incentives, as well as adequate administrative support.</span>High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060132420021001Detection of Adulteration of Minced Beef Meat with Lard and Pork Meat Using some Molecular and Immunological Techniques87389020514810.21608/jhiph.2002.205148ENAzza M.Aboul WafaAnimal Health Research Institute, Cairo, EgyptEl-Agamy E.IDepartment of Dairy Science & Technology Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, EgyptJournal Article20211116<span>Detection of pork meat or lard in food as adulterants is of considerable importance nd interest in many parts of the world. This study was carried out to evaluate some traditional as well as recent methods being used in food analysis in order to detect pork meat or lard in beef meat. The traditional techniques include Amino and Fatty acids analyses, but the recent techniques were Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA]. Raw and cooked beef meat admixtures contained 1, 5 and 10% of pork meat were subjected to analyses using the above mentioned techniques. Gas liquid chromatograph IGLC] analysis of fatty acids showed that beef meat fat contained high level of both palmitic acid [C<sub>16:0</sub>] and stearic acid [C <sub>18:0</sub>]. Whereas pork [lard] had high levels of linoleic acid [C <sub>18:2</sub>] as well as Eicosinic acid [C<sub>20:0</sub>]. Amino acids analyses were not clear method for the detection of adulteration due to the absence of clear difference in amino acids composition. Polyacrylamide-Gel-</span>Electrophoresis of raw and cooked beef-pork admixtures showed that the electrophoretic pattern of pork meat had unique proteins, therefore the presence of these proteins in beef admixtures can be used as a parameter for detection of adulteration. This method is useful to detect pork if its ratio is 5% or more. On the contrary the sensitivity of ELISA technique to detect the presence of pork meat beef blends lies at concentration of 1% pork.High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060132420021001Reliability ,Validity and Psychometric Properties of the Arabic Version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies- Depression (CES-D) Scale89192020645510.21608/jhiph.2002.206455ENNehad H.MahdyBiostatistics Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, EgyptMervat W.Abou NazelMental Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, EgyptJournal Article20211125<span class="s1">Depression is one of the most common adolescent mental-health problems presenting to primary care clinics. There is growing concern about the value of depression self-rating scales in epidemiological research and primary care. The present study aimed at assessing the reliability, validity & psychometric properties of an Arabic Version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression [CES-D] Scale. Participants were 1186 secondary school adolescents aged 15- 17 years in Alexandria Governorate. Students were subjected to the Arabic Versions of Child depression Inventory [CDI], CES-D and Coppersmith self-esteem. The results revealed that 9.5 % of students were moderately to severely depressed according to CDI cutoff score. Using the Receiver Operating Characteristic [ROC] curve, a cut-off point of 25 produced the best overall screening efficiency [sensitivity =92%, specificity =90 % & accuracy =0.96]. The internal consistency of the scale was acceptable [Cronbach's a = 0.86). The test-retest reliability was satisfactory [spearman's correlation between 0.61 & 0.95 for individual items and 0.75 for total score). Factor analysis extracted four factors that explained 50.08% of variability namely negative affect/cognitive symptoms, interpersonal difficulties, reduced positive affects and somatic complaints, with an acceptable reliability [Cronbach's a= 0.75, 0.82, 0.74 &0.55 respectively]. Concurrent validity was supported by significant high spearman's correlation between CDI & CES-D scores [rs = 0.83], convergent validity was confirmed by inverse moderate correlation between CES-D scores and Coppersmith self-esteem scale scores [r = 0.69]. The present study concluded that the Arabic Version of CES-D is both a reliable and valid screening tool for depression among Egyptian adolescent population, with very good psychometric properties. Implications for epidemiological research and primary mental health care of adolescents will be discussed.</span>High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060132420021001Spectrophotometric Determination of Trace Amounts of Lead with Safranine O in Synthetic Sea Water and Zinc Sulphate92192620645610.21608/jhiph.2002.206456ENAmira S.Al-AttasChemistry Department, Girls College for Education, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaJournal Article20211125<span class="s1">A highly selective and sensitive Spectrophotometric procedure for the determination of lead is developed. This is based on the interaction of iodide complex of lead with safranine O to form an orange product which absorbs maximally at 494 nm. The complex formed is stable for 2 h when stabilized with polymer. The Pb-l-safranine complex was fully formed in the pH range 3.5-4.5 and solution should contain appropriate concentrations of I and safranine O. 50 fold amounts of various cations and anions do not interfere in the determination of 0.1-10 µg of lead [ɛ = 8.62x104 1 mol -1cm-1]. The method is precise and has been applied to synthetic sea water samples and zinc sulphate materials.</span>