High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060137120070101Coping Strategies of Mothers of Children with Cardiac Problems1182201110.21608/jhiph.2007.22011ENGehan MounirDepartment of Family Health (Division of School Health), High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptMostafa AbolfotouhDepartment of Family Health (Division of School Health), High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptKholoud TayelDepartment of Family Health (Division of School Health), High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20181215<strong>Background</strong>: Assessment of coping strategies is important in planning of health education programs to enhance coping. <strong>Objective</strong>: The aim of the present work was to assess the knowledge and attitude of mothers concerning cardiac problems, to assess the coping strategies of mothers of children with cardiac problems, and to identify some predictors of the coping strategies. <strong>Methods: </strong>A cross sectional study of 187 mothers of children with cardiac problems who attended the cardiology school health insurance clinic of Sporting Student’s Hospital in Alexandria with their children within a period of one month was conducted. Every mother was subjected to the modified Jalowiec coping scale to assess the coping strategies. Knowledge and attitude of the mothers were assessed through a pre-designed interviewing questionnaire. <strong>Results: </strong>The results showed marked variability in correct responses to various statements about cardiac problems. However, most of mothers showed poor knowledge (87.17%)and about half of them (46.0%) showed negative attitude. These figures were significantly higher among mothers of children with congenital heart defects (CHD) than among those whose children suffer from rheumatic heart disease (RHD). The most commonly used coping method was "Pray; trust in god" (92.5%), followed by "Accept the situation as it is" (88.0%), and "Hope that things will be better" (73.5%). More than half of the mothers (55.5%) reported that they always "Resign themselves to the situation because it is their fate" while 28.0% reported that they always "Worry." The percent mean score of use of problem-oriented coping methods was nearly equal to that for affective-oriented coping methods. Duration of illness (<em>p</em><0.01), previous hospitalization (<em>p</em>=0.01), and attitude of mothers to illness (<em>p</em>=0.05) were all significantly associated with coping strategies. However, after adjustment for other variables, high percent mean total coping scores were more likely among mothers of children with longer disease duration and those whose mother showed negative attitude towards cardiac problems (<em>p</em><0.05). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Health education programs are needed to enhance coping strategies, knowledge, and attitude of mothers of children with cardiac problems<strong>.</strong> However, high coping strategy scores are significantly associated with the longer duration of illness and the negative attitude of mothers, possibly due to prolonged exposure to stress and the feeling that their children are different. Support group for parents is a highly recommended strategy to help a family benefit from communication with others who share common concerns, interests, and goals.https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22011_2d33a7947cc33a7ad9adac32efcd4c23.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060137120070101Effect of Vitamin E on Blood Glucose, Insulin, Lipid Peroxides, and Antioxidant System of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Rats19312201210.21608/jhiph.2007.22012ENAmel El-SawafDepartments of Physiology and Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptHassan FayedDepartments of Physiology and Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20181215<strong>Background:</strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> There is growing evidence that excess generation of highly reactive free radicals, largely due to hyperglycemia, causes oxidative stress which further exacerbates the development and progression of diabetes and its complications. There are multiple sources of oxidative stress in diabetes including non-enzymatic, enzymatic, and mitochondrial pathways. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that prevents lipid peroxidation. </span><strong>Objective:</strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> the present study was carried out to test the effect of vitamin E on blood glucose, insulin, and lipid peroxides in blood and liver tissue of rats in relation to oxidative damage associated with diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ). </span>Methods:<span style="font-weight: normal;"> 24 male albino rats were randomly assigned to control (group I), streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (group II), the third group (vitamin E group) were STZ-induced diabetic rats fed 400 mg of vitamin E/kg diet. After 4 weeks of the induction of diabetes, rats were sacrificed and the following determinations were done on the blood, serum or plasma. Blood glucose, serum insulin, lipid peroxide concentration in plasma as malonyldialdehyde (MDA) level in nmol/g protein, the amount of thiobarbituricp acid reactive materials in plasma (TBARM), serum antioxidant capacity (assayed by measuring the total peroxy radical trapping capacity (TRAP) of serum, and serum superoxide dismutase, enzyme activity (SOD). In the liver, the following parameters were determined: liver MDA, SOD and Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzyme activaties, and Glutathione (GSH) concentration. </span><strong>Results:</strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia were regarded in group II which were ameliorated by vitamin E administration. Oxidant stress was found in diabetic rats group II manifested by increase concentration of MDA-plasma and liver, increase TBARM concentration, and TRAP-plasma and serum respectively. Also increased serum SOD, liver SOD, and GSH-Px enzyme activities in these diabetic rats. Administration of vitamin E in the diet decreased the oxidant stress parameters (MDA, TBARM, and TRAP), increased the antioxidant defense parameter (increased GSH concentration in liver), and decreased the oxidant stress as manifested by the decrease in serum SOD enzyme activity; liver SOD; and GSH-Px enzyme activities. </span><strong>Conclusion:</strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Vitamin E was found to be excellent for strengthening the antioxidant defense system in STZ-diabetic rats and it may therefore have a therapeutic role in combating the damaging effect of ROS in diabetes and preventing its complications.</span>https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22012_3b49bcdf87491aaf1506e6e7ee609fa9.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060137120070101Effect of Nursing Management Protocol on IUDs Performance32552201310.21608/jhiph.2007.22013ENIman RashadFaculty of Nursing, Asuit University, Asuit, EgyptSahar NaguibMohammedFaculty of Nursing, Asuit University, Asuit, EgyptShadia Abdel QaderHassanFaculty of Nursing, Cairo University, Cairo, EgyptMaher SalahMohammedFaculty of Medicine, Asuit University, Asuit, EgyptHeba GamalRashedFaculty of Medicine, Asuit University, Asuit, EgyptJournal Article20181215Background: Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) remain an attractive birth-control option for many women who desire a highly effective form of birth control but cannot tolerate or do not want to use hormonal implants. However, fears about side effects, concerns about infection and infertility, lack of technical training for providers, and the time and costs involved in providing services combine to discourage their use. Objective: to assess the magnitude and types of problems associated with use of IUDS, and to examine the effect of a plan of nursing intervention on the performance of IUDs. Methods: The study was conducted in the Family planning outpatient clinic of Assiut University Hospital. A cross-sectional descriptive design, and a quasi-experimental research design with pre-post assessment were used. The assessment sample consisted of 409 women. The intervention group included 100 new IUD users who were randomly allocated into two equal groups of 50 women each. Subgroup A women received the intervention program without provision of prophylactic antibiotics, while subgroup B women received the program in addition to prophylactic antibiotics. The tools used for data collection were a structured interviewing questionnaire sheet for both the assessment and the intervention groups, and an examination form to record the clinical and laboratory findings of the intervention group. A follow-up sheet was used to record any possible complications one month after insertion. A pre-post-FU questionnaire form was used to assess women’s knowledge and misconceptions before and after the intervention. The study started at the beginning of April 2002 and ended in October 2003. Results: Only 17.6% of the women have reported no complications related to use of contraceptives. Vaginal bleeding and infection were the most common complications, 14.4% and 10.5%, respectively. The most common infection was Chlamydia (20.6%). Subgroup A women (no-prophylactic antibiotic) had a higher incidence of erythema and vaginal discharge at the follow-up vaginal examination, compared to pre-program rate, 34.0% and 10.0%, respectively (<em>p</em>=0.004). Also, women in subgroup A had a higher incidence of bacterial vaginosis (16.0%), compared those in subgroup B (4.0%), <em>p</em>=0.046. In subgroup B, positive chlamydial infection decreased from 34.0% at the pre-program exam to 10.0% at the FU (<em>p</em>https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22013_ce2620fef77066f620a5cd455ee93d36.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060137120070101Street Children in Alexandria: Profile and Psychological Disorders56772201410.21608/jhiph.2007.22014ENGehan MounirDepartment of Family Health (Division of School Health), High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptMedhat AttiaDepartment of Family Health (Division of Mental Health), High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptKholoud TayelDepartment of Family Health (Division of School Health), High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20181215<strong>Background</strong>: Today developed and developing countries are facing the problem posed by street children. The continuous and unrestrained exposure to the street and its associated lifestyles makes these children vulnerable to a range of health, social, and other problems. <strong>Objective</strong>: The aim of the present work was to assess the profile of street children and their living condition from different aspects, in addition to assessment of some psychological disorders among them. <strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 street boys present at El-Horreya institute for Children Community Development, which is a non-governmental organization in Alexandria. An equal control group of 50 school boys were selected at random from the first and second grades of one governmental boys preparatory school of the Middle District of Alexandria. Every child was subjected to an interviewing questionnaire. The Arabic version of Revised Ontario Child Health study scale, children Depression Inventory and the Cooper-Smith Self-Esteem Inventory,were used to identify children with conduct disorder, depression, and assess self-esteem, respectively.<sup> </sup>Anthropometric measurements including weight and height were measured for each street child and BMI was calculated. <strong>Results:</strong> The present study revealed that more than half of street children (58.0%) came from large size families, about three-quarters (72.0%) reported insufficient income, most of them had low educated parents and unskilled fathers, 80.0% reported not living with both parents before coming to the institute, and 91.2% reported bad inter-parental relationship. Family history of drug abuse, alcohol intake, smoking, and imprison were significantly higher among street children compared to school children (p<0.001). The present study showed that 74.0% of street children were smokers, 22.0% reported drug abuse, and 90.0% were dropped out of school. Family violence, beating, and beating without reason significantly increase the risk of being a street child (OR= 31.90, 2.0, and 44.58, respectively). The risk of conduct disorder, depression, and low-self esteem were significantly more among street children compared to school children (OR= 44.59, 14.64, and 9.66, respectively). The main cause of leaving home was beating, 80.0% lived in street after leaving home, 72.0% their main source of living was begging, and most of them faced problems in the street especially with the police. The results revealed that 92.0% were satisfied with the institute and 86.0% prefer to stay in the institute than returning to the street. <strong>Recommendations:</strong> planning programs to prevent, protect, and rehabilitate street children are essential.https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22014_0f0eeac5ca36d33c565801bf902cfacb.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060137120070101Reprocessing Competency of Gastrointestine Endoscopes, the Gap between Basic Principles and Actual Practice in Endoscopey Units in Alexandria University78942201510.21608/jhiph.2007.22015ENAida El-GamilDepartment of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptMervat Abdel FattahDepartment of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptHanan GaberDepartment of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Banha University, Banha, EgyptJournal Article20181215Endoscopy is a major diagnostic and therapeutic modality in the care of patients with disease of the gastro-intestinal tract. Ethically, we are obligated to do the right thing. However, is it fair that the first patient receives a properly cleaned/processed device and subsequent patients may not? All patients have the right to receive the same standard of care. The society of gastroenterology nurses associates (SGNA) presents a standards to be used for all settings where gastrointestinal endoscopy is practiced. The purpose of the study is 1- To assess the endoscopy nurses practice as regard principle of disinfection and sterillization as an infection control in gastrointestinal endoscopy units. 2- To identify the difference between the standard of infection control practice and the actual nurses practice. Nursing practice evaluation sheet includes endoscope reprocessing competency sheet and observational competency checklist were used. It was found that a huge gap exists between what is generally recommended for reprocessing endoscopes and clinical practice and what is practiced.https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22015_b84a705f43e94c9e0c0ee1560a361c55.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060137120070101Psychotic Patients’ Awareness of their Illness and its Correlates951112201610.21608/jhiph.2007.22016ENAmal Gamal El-DinShehataDepartment of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptMagdala Habib FaridMaximosDepartment of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20181215Awareness about illness is defined in terms of a patient’s psychological attitude toward the psychiatric situation, and is to be evaluated from the standpoint of the person’s sick-role concept, by assessing the recognition of the need for treatment and acceptance of the treatment situation. Previous researches have suggested that lack of psychiatric patients’ awareness of their illness may have considerable power in predicting the long-term course of chronic mental disorders, and have an impact on patients compliance with treatment plans and relapses of psychosis. The aim of this study was to find out the psychotic patients’ awareness of their illness and its correlates. The results suggest that self-awareness deficits are a prevalent feature in mentally ill patients, perhaps stemming from the neuropsychological dysfunction associated with the disorders, and deficits in illness awareness are associated with greater number and longer duration of hospitalizations, and is considered one of the most important reasons for non-compliance.<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br clear="all" /></span></strong>https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22016_7a063264fa1150d11a531c88aeea06a1.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060137120070101Community-Based Screening for Pre-hypertension among Military Active Duty Personnel1121232201810.21608/jhiph.2007.22018ENFayssal FarahatDepartment of Preventive Medicine (Community Diagnosis Unit), Al-Hada Armed Forces Hospital, Taif, Saudi ArabiaFathi SaleemDepartment of Cardiology, Al-Hada Armed Forces Hospital, Taif, Saudi ArabiaJournal Article20181215<strong>Background: </strong>The majority of hypertension cases are asymptomatic and, therefore, goes unrecognized and untreated, leading to a high risk of coronary artery diseases, heart failure, renal failure, and cardiovascular diseases. <strong>Objective:</strong> The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of both pre-hypertension and hypertension and risk factors associated with newly diagnosed Saudi military active duty service personnel. <strong>Methods:</strong> Community-based screening of 1238 Saudi military active duty service personnel was conducted during the period September – December 2007 at six randomly selected out of a total of 15 military units of Taif region, Western of Saudi Arabia. Screening tools included self-administrated questionnaire, general physical examination, anthropometric measurements, and assessment of blood pressure. <strong>Results:</strong> All participants were Saudi males. Their age ranged from 19-56 years old with mean ±SD of 37.2±7.02. By applying the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high hypertension (JNC-7) criteria, 214 (17.3%) were considered pre-hypertensive. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that obesity as measured by body mass index (OR=2.71, CI: 1.39-5.28), positive family history (OR=1.46, CI:1.03-2.06), ever smoking (OR=1.45, CI:1.05-2.02), and increased waist circumference (OR=1.04, CI:1.02-1.06) were the significant predictors of workplace newly diagnosed hypertension among military active duty personnel. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Pre-hypertension is a common hidden problem and it predicts the development of frank hypertension. Findings of the current study support the recommendation of lifestyle modification for pre-hypertension patients. However, further prospective studied are required to determine the role of pharmacotherapy in pre-hypertension.https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22018_0f917a6f6ff032bae4f891d7444ba2a4.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060137120070101Study of Acute Leukaemia in Children: Impact on Patients and their Families, Utilization and Satisfaction with Health Services in Alexandria - Egypt1241392230110.21608/jhiph.2007.22301ENSherif R.OmarTropical Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptEzzat M.HassanTropical Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptBayoumi A.GhareebDepartment of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptEkram W.Abd El-WahabTropical Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20181218<strong>Objectives</strong>: To assess impact of leukaemia on children and their families and to describe utilization and satisfaction with health services among acute leukaemic children. <strong>Methods</strong>: A descriptive study started Nov. 2004 for one year duration, included 163 cases (all acute leukaemic cases below the age of 15 attended in-and out-patient of University of Alexandria Paediatrics Hsospital, either newly diagnosed or for follow up). Questionnaire sheet administered by interview with the patient’s mother included questions about disease impact on the child and his parents. Answers to questions on utilization of health services were blotted to a total score for mother satisfaction. <strong>Results</strong>: Overall health services were free of charge, (83.4%) of mothers received financial aid, but (93.3%) of families were affected financially, as (65.6%) were of low socioeconomic level. Psychological upset was almost the rule in relation to the patient and his family members. The learning process deteriorated in (63.8%) of cases. Most mothers (83.4%) complained that only some drugs are available, but only (22.7%) said that investigations were incomplete. The child club in the hospital was the only recreational mean and utilized by (41.1%) of cases. Highest satisfaction score was with services offered by physicians (art of medical care); lowest score was for the amount of food presented to patients. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: The leukaemic health problem influences the patient and his family’s quality of life in a serious way, the child educational progress is affected as well. Patient’s mother satisfaction is crucial and her recommendations to improve the quality of service are to be considered.https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22301_dc7333ed54850a3df1006fe8b1159a2d.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060137120070101Some Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Alexandria Coastal Water, Egypt1401542230210.21608/jhiph.2007.22302ENHoda A.E.HemaidaNational Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, EgyptAhmed M.Abdel-HalimNational Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, EgyptLaila M.ShakweerNational Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, EgyptNermin N.MaximousNational Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20181218Seasonal collection of water samples were carried out at Alexandria coast from 18 selected stations during 2004 – 2005. The study area was divided into three sections A, B, and C. The study areas A and C are clearly affected by brackish polluted water discharge from El-Ammia, Rakta, Bughas, Umum, and Noubaria drains which were studied too. The hydrographic parameters (pH, DO, salinity. and OOM) were studied. This work aimed at evaluating some major ions level (average of 434.6 mg/l, 1.39 g/l, 3.11g/l, and 67.32 mg/l for Ca, Mg, SO<sub>4</sub>, and Br in surface water and 449.12 mg/l, 1.48g/l, 3.42 g/l, and 75.68 mg/l in bottom water, respectively) in Alexandria coastal water and their chlorinity ratios relevant to the corresponding normal oceanic ones. The influence of dilution effect resulted from the discharge of different types and amount of land–based effluents was discussed. By all, the average chlorinity ratios of cations deviations from the respective oceanic values can detect as a resulting from the discharging of land –based effluents; (average of 0.074, 0.023, 0.004, and 0.172 for Mg/Cl, Ca/Cl, Br/Cl and SO<sub>4</sub>/Cl, respectively). The correlation coefficients between the major cations and the hydrographic parameters were computed and discussed. https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22302_3a120d58d61d29a8592f3522a17a1dcc.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060137120070101Impact of Drainage Effluents on The Water Quality of Abu-Qir Bay, Alexandria, Egypt1551682230510.21608/jhiph.2007.22305ENHoda A.E.HemaidaNational Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20181218Abu-QirBay, a semi-enclosed heavily polluted Mediterranean basin in Egypt, is receiving huge amounts of untreated sewage, industrial, and agricultural waste waters via three land-based sources: Tabia pumping station [TPS], Outlet of lake Edku [Boughaz El-Maadiya], and Rosseta mouth of River Nile. In order to mitigate and control the impact of pollution on coastal and marine resources, it is essential that the type and load of pollutants be identified. So, water samples were collected from sixteen stations covering Abu-Qir Bay, seven stations covering Lake Edku, one sample from El-Ammia Drain [TPS], and eight samples from the drains affected or entering lake Edku during April and May 2005. The hydrochemical parameters, i.e., water temperature, chlorosity, salinity, dissolved oxygen pH, total suspended matter, oxidizable organic matter, calcium, and magnesium as well as nutrient salts: the nitrogen forms [ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate], the reactive phosphate and reactive silicate were investigated.https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22305_eabee6fdc8c2d9d45916dc7f851dff41.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060137120070101Inhibition of Alanine and Aspartate Aminotransferases by B-Nitropropionic Acid1691782230710.21608/jhiph.2007.22307ENHassan M.Y.OsmanDepartment of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20181218The inhibition of serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (SALT and SAST) by b nitropropionic acid (bNPA), toxic metabolite of some fungi higher plants) in vitro was studied. The results indicated that both SALT and SAST were competitively inhibited by bNPA and the enzymes recovered their original activity by dialysis, indicating that the inhibitory effect of bNPA is reversible. The inhibition of both SALT and SAST by bNPA was found to be slow and showed the characteristic of a first order reaction up to 30 minutes. The rate constants characterizing this inhibition, namely: the binding constant (K<sub>B</sub>) (90 uM and 225 uM for SALT and SAST, respectively) and bimolecular velocity of inhibition ki (666 and 714 (M min)<sup>-1</sup> for SALT and SAST, respectively were determined. Kn (rate of nitrification of the enzymes) for SALT and SAST were 0.06/min and 0.18/min, respectively.
https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22307_96006f5405fa2de1ffa3b3c23cf466ee.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060137120070101Parenteral Use of Iron and Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) in Haemodialysis Patients1791882230910.21608/jhiph.2007.22309ENMohamed Y.OsmanDepartment of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptHassan M.Y.OsmanDepartment of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptIman S.KhalilDepartment of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptIman A.SharafDepartment of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptRedab MahmoudDepartment of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20181218The aim of this work was to study the effect of supplementation of iron and vitamin C therapy to hemodialysis patients, hoping that this therapy is effective in the treatment of anaemia in these patients. In this work, 40 stable hemodialysis patients suffering from severe to moderate anemia not receiving any form of replacement therapy (i.e., neither erythropoietin (EPO) nor iron), were selected and divided into two groups: The first group was treated by injection with ferrosac 100 mg/5ml twice a week for 3 months, and the second group was treated by injection with 500 mg/2.5ml of vitamin C in combination with 100 mg/5ml ferosac twice a week for three months. The results of this study indicated that: There was a significant decrease in both urea and creatinine in hemodialysis patients after i.v. treatment of ferosac alone (100 mg/5ml) "group I" and combined ferosac (100 mg/5ml) with ascorbic acid (500 mg/2.5ml) "group II" twice weekly for 3 months. There was a significant increase in hemoglobin concentration and serum iron in both hemodialysis patient groups (I&II) after treatment, the highly increase markedly occurred in group II rather than group I after treatment. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in serum ferritin concentration in group I and a more pronounced decrease in group II after treatment, indicating the importance of vitamin C in decreasing the serum ferritin level and therefore the better correction of anemia.https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22309_1af017970bd7508d83c51a615d3d815d.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060137120070101Assessment of Nurses' Knowledge and Attitude toward Infection Standards Precautions in Primary Health Care Settings1892012231010.21608/jhiph.2007.22310ENSahar M.SolimanCommunity Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptJournal Article20181218<strong>Background: </strong>Standards precautions are designed to protect staff from risks resulting from exposure to blood and body fluids and to protect patients from potential cross infection. Knowledge of clinical infection control practices is continually growing and changing. <strong>Objectives:</strong> the present study was conducted to assess nurses' Knowledge about Infection control standards precautions in primary health care settings. <strong>Methods: </strong>This study was cross sectional study that was conducted in six primary health care settings (PHC) in Manzala District affiliated to the Ministry of Health and Population. PHC settings were selected by stratified random sample method<strong>. </strong>Seventy nine nurses were included in the study.<strong> </strong>Data were collected by using open ended questions sheet, which was self-administered. <strong>Results:</strong> The nurses showed a poor level of knowledge regarding most categories of standard precautions.<strong> Conclusion and Recommendations:</strong> Mandatory regular base educational program must be planned to overcome the weak level of knowledge and improve and update the nursing performance regarding standard precautions.https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22310_c66aedcf0cac4dc447f8a292f2377df3.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060137120070101The Relationship Between Structure Empowerment and Job Characteristics of Staff Nurses at Mansoura Specialized Medical Hospital2022252231110.21608/jhiph.2007.22311ENNervana Abdel-RhmanGheithDepartment of Nursing Administration, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptJournal Article20181218Structure empowerment enhances nurses' power to accomplish their work within hospitals. Access to these empowering structures is influenced by formal power system within the hospital which refers to job characteristics that contribute to job recognition. So, job characteristics are the core to reach to excellent quality patient care and to achieve organizational outcomes. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between staff nurses' perception of structural empowerment and their job characteristics. The data were collected from 182 staff nurses working at MansouraSpecializedMedicalHospital. Two tools were employed for data collection. The first tool is structure job empowerment questionnaire which is divided into two parts: a) Conditions for Work Effectiveness Questionnaire (CWEQ) and b) Organizational Description Opinionnaire (ODO). The second tool is Staff Nurses Job Characteristics Index Questionnaire (SNJCIQ). The results concluded that there are a strong and significant relationship between staff nurses' perception of structure empowerment and their job characteristics. This study recommended that application of job characteristics model nutrients to empower staff nurses, and improve the quality of nursing care.https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22311_a178abe546ca5a6e2679421cb9575608.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060137120070101Comparison of Clinical Instructors' Teaching Behaviors as Perceived by Themselves with Those Assessed by their Students in the Clinical Setting2262442231210.21608/jhiph.2007.22312ENHala GabrMahmoudDepartment of Nursing Administration, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptJournal Article20181219The clinical education is considered as the heart of the nursing education. It remains the single most important resource in the development of competent, capable, and caring nurses. It prepares the students for their professional role and provides them with opportunity to apply knowledge, skills, and concepts in the clinical settings. Most importantly, clinical instructors' behaviors in the clinical area play an important part in the learning process of the student. There are few studies that determine and evaluate what constitutes effective teaching behaviors of clinical instructors in the clinical area. Hence, the present study aimed at comparing clinical instructors' teaching behaviors as perceived by themselves with those assessed by their students and also using qualitative analysis to determine positive and negative students' comments for clinical instructor behaviors in the clinical setting. The study was conducted at Faculty of Nursing at Mansoura University. Two groups of subjects were included in the present study; clinical instructors group (n=62) and nursing students group (n=120). Two questionnaire sheets were used for data collection; clinical instructors' questionnaire and student's questionnaire that were developed by researcher based on reviewing literature. The third part of student's questionnaire included open ended questions to establish positive and negative clinical instructors' as perceived by student encountered in clinical training. A major finding of this study was that there was a statistical significance difference between clinical instructors' teaching behaviors as perceived by themselves with those assessed by their students in the clinical setting. At the end of the study, recommendations were given that clinical instructor should offer information and positive feedback in the directions of students, being accessible and also encourage student's creative thinking and freedom in discussion. <strong> </strong>https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22312_683218a887ba18e629fb8d8f99d919ae.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060137120070101Feeding Under 2 Children at El-Mansoura University Hospital: Practices and Problems2452592231310.21608/jhiph.2007.22313ENLila Y.Abo-SalemDepartment of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptHoda M.NafeeDepartment of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptJournal Article20181219The study was conducted on 121 children who attended the out-patient clinic at El-Mansoura University Children Hospital. The objectives were to identify the common problems in feeding practice of children under 2 years of age, to estimate the proportion of children potentially at risk for nutritional and other health problems, and to characterize such a vulnerable group in terms of demographic variables. Data were collected through interviewing the children's mothers/caregivers, children's nutritional as well as health status were investigated using IMCI format and weight for age criteria. The results revealed that 64.5% of the study samples were exclusively breastfed, 17.4% artificially fed babies, and 47.1% of children were receiving less number of breast feeds per day. Insufficient and unbalanced complementary feeding was obvious among the studied sample. Either early or delayed weaned children constituted 18.2%. The common health problem of the studied sample as diagnosed by pediatrician were. diarrhea & vomiting (44.6%), ARI (38.8%), low weight (15.7%), and 14% had anemia. Training courses for first-level health workers on IMCI in order to emphasize the guidelines for appropriate feeding practices and how to support complementary feeding as part of mothers' teaching in an out-patient basis is recommended.https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22313_9e74116bdc7beee9e32555b46b2a51b1.pdf