High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060138Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of the High Institute of Public Health "AlexHealth 2008"20081101Evaluation of Chemical Quality and Nutrition Value of Fresh Water Cray Fish (Procambarus clarkii)1132249610.21608/jhiph.2008.22496ENThanae M.AmineFood Hygiene Animal Health Research Institute, Doki, Giza, EgyptAhmed S.AiadFood Hygiene Animal Health Research Institute, Doki, Giza, EgyptMona O.Abu El-NileFood Hygiene Animal Health Research Institute, Doki, Giza, EgyptJournal Article20181220Crayfish are fresh water crustacean that look like a tiny lobster, fresh water crayfish (<em>Procombarus clarkii</em>) had been introduced accidentally and appear in the River Nile and its resource all over Egypt during the last years. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical quality and composition of crayfish as a human food, and to introduce a new high quality crustacean organism as a new cheap source of animal proteins. Total thirty crayfish samples collected from different markets in Alexandria were analyzed for total protein, amino acids using amino acids analyzer, fat, cholesterol, fatty acids (using GLC), ash, minerals, and some heavy metals (using atomic absorption spectrophotometer). Also, total volatile basic nitrogen, pH, free fatty acids, and thiobarbituric acid value as a chemical quality index were measured. The obtained results revealed good freshness and high chemical quality of crayfish, with regard to their ranges of total volatile basic nitrogen (28-35 mg/100g), pH (7.01-7.21), thiobarbituric acid (0.084-0.412) mg molanaldhyde/kg, and free fatty acids (0.56-0.93) mg/kg. Chemical composition and nutritive value of crayfish revealed mean values of total protein, fat, ash, and cholesterol contents 18.076%, 1.057, 1.48%, and 22.417 mg/100g, respectively. Minerals concentrations level were 0.61%, 443.22, and 356.45 mg/g for phosphorous, iron, and magnesium, respectively. Amino acid pattern showed that Glutamic, Aspartic, Arginine, and leucine were abundant essential amino acids and oleic acid represented 44% of total fatty acids. Crayfish evoked high nutritional value as respect to higher content of total unsaturated fatty acids (73.689%) with 56.56%, and 15.08% monoioneic and polyioneic (with w<sub>3</sub> and w<sub>6</sub>), fatty acids also, high quality of protein which contain 55.703% essential amino acids. Also, this investigation showed that heavy metals concentration residue decreased in this order zinc > manganese > copper > chromium > cadmium > lead > nickel. Copper, chromium, and cadmium concentration were within the Egyptian permissible limits in all samples, but lead levels exceeded the maximum permissible limits in all samples and zinc exceeded this limit in 75% of examined samples. Information obtained in the present study can assist in developing quality standard for fresh crayfish in Egypt and recommended rules for its safety were mentioned.https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22496_03e4c6598b1529bb652fa9889d231ac1.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060138Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of the High Institute of Public Health "AlexHealth 2008"20081101Attitudes of OHS Inspectors towards Practicing Factory Inspection in Egypt14322249710.21608/jhiph.2008.22497ENFadia A.El-MarakbyDepartment of Occupational Health and Air Pollution (Division of Occupational Hygiene and Air Pollution). High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptGehan R.ZakiDepartment of Occupational Health and Air Pollution (Division of Occupational Hygiene and Air Pollution). High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptFaten H.NofalDepartment of Occupational Health and Air Pollution (Division of Occupational Hygiene and Air Pollution). High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20181220Workplace inspection is part of a comprehensive health and safety program in which the workplace is closely examined on a regular basis of identifying and reviewing potential and actual hazards associated with equipment, tools, and industrial processes. The aim of the present study is to investigate the process of factory inspection as a tool of pertaining safety and welfare of employees in Egypt as well as to study the attitudes of inspectors who are responsible for the process of factory inspection in Egypt. The present study is conducted on 210 inspectors. 145 of them belong to different industrial, commercial, and service enterprises in Egypt and classified as group [A]. The other 65 inspectors are members of the Ministry of Labor in Egypt and classified as group [B]. Two forms of questionnaires are formed to provide personal, professional, and attitudinal data. percentages of males in group [A] inspectors (95.2%) are greatly higher than that in group [B] (46.0%). The bachelor degree in group [B] inspectors (89%) is more predominant than in group [A] inspectors (50.3%). The main source of occupational health and safety (OHS) knowledge for group [A] inspectors is the training programs (75%), while, it is the practical training or by asking seniors for group[B<strong>]</strong>. The predominant aims of inspectors are safe work environment, safe workers and mitigation of occupational hazards. Some of job descriptions are identical. There are significant variation between the two groups of inspectors in how they evaluate work environment, (P=0.00001*). Only 78% and 91% of groups [A] and [B] inspectors, respectively know the Egyptian Labor Law No.12/2003. In case of danger, 73% of group [A] and 72% of group [B] inspectors take action(s) coincide with their responsibilities as informing management. There is non-significant variation between their opinion regarding the importance of the field of OHS and environment. Factory inspection is an important tool in assisting OHS programs. Efforts should be directed to enrich knowledge of inspectors continuously. Legislative knowledge is also needed. Inspectors should be continuously encouraged and supported from all involved authorities; this will help them do perfectly. Employers should be encouraged to fulfill the requirements of OHS programs.https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22497_5820d8c76f69f2231c3127d0787c3a65.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060138Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of the High Institute of Public Health "AlexHealth 2008"20081101Nosocomial Infections in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit In Pediatric Assiut University Hospital: Incidence and Risk Factors33482249810.21608/jhiph.2008.22498ENAsmaa M.A.SolimanPublic Health & Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, EgyptEman M.MohamedPublic Health & Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, EgyptKawthar A.FadelPublic Health & Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, EgyptSamia A.MohamedNeonatal Intensive Care Unit, Pediatric Assiut University Hospital, Assiut University, Assiut, EgyptEnas M.A.DaefInfection Control Laboratory, Assiut University, Assiut, EgyptJournal Article20181220<strong>Background</strong>: Nosocomial infections (NIs) have become a matter of major concern in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Nosocomial infections are the result of the interaction of several risk factors.<strong> Objective:</strong> to identify risk factors for nosocomial infections among neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit in Pediatric Assiut University Hospital (AUH). Knowledge of modifiable risk factors could be used to guide the design of interventions to prevent the problem. <strong>Methods</strong>: Incidence (surveillance) study for identification of new nosocomial infections for one year & 9 days from (17 of April 2007 to 26 of April 2008). The total population: All neonates attending NICU in pediatric AUH from the Obstetric Department of Maternal–Healthcare Assiut University Hospital. The target population is all neonates that developed nosocomial infections within 72 hrs of admission. The presence of risk factors was studied. A practical guide completed for each patient, which included: Demographic risk factors as age, birth weight, sex, single or multiple births, type of delivery, premature rupture of membranes, variables recorded daily as enteral feeding, parenteral feeding, mechanical ventilation and indwelling catheter. Differences between patients with and without NI for discrete variables were estimated by the chi-square test. The association between risk factors and the presence of NIs were estimated by relative risk.<strong> Results: </strong>from a total of 990 admitted neonates, the incidence rate and the incidence density rate were 16% and 24.45% infections per 1000 patient-days, respectively. Case fatality rate was 91.8%. The following risk factors were associated with NIs (P <0.05): mechanical ventilation, umbilical catheter, prematurity, birth weight less than 1500 g, use of ryle, transport outside NICU, premature rupture of membrane & peripheral vascular catheter. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: The risk of NIs increases with increasing invasive devices, decreasing birth weight, and gestational age. There is an increased mortality rate associated with NI. Strategies to minimize the impact of risk factors must be identified.https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22498_ede64f8572fe965517e88ee7c12afeb5.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060138Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of the High Institute of Public Health "AlexHealth 2008"20081101Management of Hazardous Pharmaceutical Waste Generated from Health Care Facilities49652249910.21608/jhiph.2008.22499ENRim A.HusseinDepartment of Environmental Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptDina H.SelimClinical Pharmacy Department, Alexandria University Main Hospital, Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20181220According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), a number of drug entities and pharmaceutical formulations, generated in health care facilities, meet the definition of hazardous waste, including epinephrine, warfarin, nicotine, and seven chemotherapeutic agents. This study has been carried out to assess the hazardous pharmaceutical waste generation in one large multi-specialty hospital in Alexandria for the ultimate objective of recommending an environmentally sound management plan for this waste. Alexandria University Main Hospital was selected for the study. A checklist containing the names of the drugs that are considered hazardous upon disposal was developed. Data concerning the generation and the management of this waste were collected using 2 questionnaire forms. The study revealed that ten hazardous pharmaceuticals are generated from the hospital departments. They are Epinephrine, m-cresol, phenol, silver sulfadiazine, multi-mineral formulations containing Cr and Se, warfarin, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, melphalan, and daunomycin. These drugs, as well as the other pharmaceutical waste, are managed as infectious waste: collected in yellow bags, stored in the storage area for infectious waste, and transported by the Private Company responsible for solid waste management in Alexandria Governorate to treatment by shredding and autoclaving prior to ultimate landfill. Consequently, the study recommended a hazardous pharmaceutical waste management plan taking into consideration other equally hazardous drugs such as all chemotherapeutic agents, mutagenic or teratogenic substances, endocrine disruptors, and immunosuppressant drugs. Thermal destruction of all these drugs would provide the highest level of best management practice available at this time. The ash resulting has to be tested and eventually disposed in a lined hazardous waste landfill.https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22499_7e2293c7a8cec248067bb6628a7dccf0.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060138Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of the High Institute of Public Health "AlexHealth 2008"20081101Compliance of Mothers to the Breastfeeding Guidelines in Alexandria66862250010.21608/jhiph.2008.22500ENNabil M.GonaidDepartment of Family Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptSawsan I.FahmyDepartment of Family Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptHanan M.Abd El–AzizDepartment of Family Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20181220The compliance of mothers to the six items related to their practice of the 10 steps of successful breastfeeding (Immediate breastfeeding initiation, rooming in, breast-feeding on demand, avoiding prelacteal feeding, avoiding use of pacifier, and avoiding use of bottles) are of great importance to achieve better breastfeeding outcomes. The objectives of the study were to estimate the extent of compliance of mothers to these items and to identify some factors associated with this compliance. The study was fulfilled through a cross-sectional approach. It was conducted at the MCH and FH centers in Alexandria Governorate. The study included 390 mothers accompanying their breast-fed infants aged 0-12 months to well baby clinics at those health centers. A pre-designed structured interview questionnaire was constructed to collect the data required from mothers. Only 29.8% of mothers started breastfeeding within the 1st hour after labour, 57.2% of them practiced rooming in, and 78.7% of them regulated breastfeeding according to their infants needs. Prelacteal feeding was given to 58.2% of the infants. 22.8% of mothers used pacifiers and 41% used bottles for their infants. Scoring of the overall compliance of mothers to the 6 points related to their breastfeeding practice of the WHO/UNICEF joint statement showed that 24.1% of mothers scored satisfactory level, 41.3% average level while 34.6% scored as low level of compliance. The level of mothers compliance was positively affected by their level of knowledge about breastfeeding and the six items (χ<sup>2</sup>=267.582, <em>p</em><0.01) and by the increase in the child order (FET=15.618, <em>p</em><0.01). It was adversely affected by their social level (χ<sup>2</sup>=19.853, <em>p</em><0.01), education (χ<sup>2</sup>=28.289, <em>p</em><0.01) and working status (χ<sup>2</sup>=17.439, <em>p</em><0.01). It was adversely associated with the history of neonatal asphyxia (FET=17.909, p<0.01), the delivery in health settings (FET=44.278, <em>p</em><0.01), and the delivery by caesarian section (χ<sup>2</sup>=40.193, <em>p</em><0.01).https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22500_c612a087f27a043553756ec0bc2a06b2.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060138Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of the High Institute of Public Health "AlexHealth 2008"20081101Assessment of the Hygienic Condition of Chicken Shops in Alexandria and its Impact on the Bacteriological Quality of the Sold Carcasses871012250110.21608/jhiph.2008.22501ENHeba NasrDepartment of Nutrition, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptAdel OmaraDepartment of Nutrition, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptEglal G.SalemDepartment of Nutrition, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptMohamed FawziDepartment of Nutrition, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20181220Assessment of the hygienic condition of 15 chicken shops in Alexandria revealed that carcass handling had the highest mean score percentages in all zones ranging from 69.7% to 83.3% but unfortunately personal hygiene was given the lowest score percentages ranging from 34.5% to 46.9%. Moreover, there were no significant differences among different zones concerning the mean score percentages of different sanitation checklist parameters. Bacteriological analysis of 198 samples; 135 chicken carcass’s washes, 45 scalding water samples and 18 defeathering machine washes revealed that washes collected after defeathering had the worst bacteriological profile regarding the counts of aerobic mesophiles (3.7×10<sup>7</sup> CFU/100 ml) and coliforms (8.0×10<sup>4</sup> MPN/100 ml). Carcass washes collected after evisceration and washing from most zones were contaminated with lower bacterial loads than either after scalding or defeathering, but they showed higher contamination with coagulase positive staphylococci Within the same zone, the defeathering machine washes were usually of worse bacteriological quality than scalding water.https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22501_13be4c27d826caaba806fb492e7f04ea.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060138Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of the High Institute of Public Health "AlexHealth 2008"20081101Comparative Study on the Effects of Steviosides and Aspartame on Glucose, Urea and Creatinine Levels of Normal and Type 2 Diabetic Rats1021122250210.21608/jhiph.2008.22502ENNeveen F.AgamyDepartment of Nutrition, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptHanaa IsmailDepartment of Nutrition, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptMokhtar I.YoussefDepartment of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Specific Education, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptMohamed FawziDepartment of Nutrition, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20181220Comparing the effects of the natural nonnutritive sweetener (steviosides) and the artificial sweetener (aspartame) on the plasma glucose, urea, and creatinine levels of normal and type 2 diabetic rats revealed that treating normal and diabetic rats with different doses of both sweeteners reduced the plasma glucose levels except in normal rats treated with low dose of aspartame and high dose of steviosides that increased glucose levels by 17.3% and in normal rats treated with the high aspartame dose (3.8%) but fortunately they were still within the normal glucose range. All doses of both sweeteners increased urea levels in normal rats by percentages ranging from 5.2% to 41.7% though they were within the normal urea range except the low aspartame dose and high steviosides dose, moreover medium aspartame dose reduced urea level by 11.1%. All doses of both sweeteners reduced the urea levels in diabetic rats with the highest reduction percentage in those treated with the high steviosides dose (63.8%) while the lowest (40.9%) was in those treated with the medium dose of aspartame but unfortunately, no dose succeeded to lower urea levels to their normal ranges. Treating normal rats with different doses of both sweeteners increased the plasma creatinine by percentages ranging from 33.3% in the medium steviosides dose to 133.3% in the low aspartame dose although they were kept within the normal creatinine range. Treating diabetic rats with different doses of both sweeteners succeeded to lower creatinine levels to their normal ranges with reduction percentages ranging from 25.8% to 38.1%. The creatinine levels were more or less similar in diabetic rats treated with different doses of both sweeteners with no significant differences between the two sweeteners in any dose.https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22502_048ff1add0e6d7a2cbf9770e28cd2729.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060138Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of the High Institute of Public Health "AlexHealth 2008"20081101Comparison of Different Techniques for the Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections among Leukemic Children1131242250310.21608/jhiph.2008.22503ENZeinab M.Shaibat-El-HamdDepartment of Tropical Health (Division of Parasitology and Medical Entomology), High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria, EgyptSanaa A.El-MasryDepartment of Tropical Health (Division of Parasitology and Medical Entomology), High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria, EgyptHassab HMDepartment of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptHassan AADepartment of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptFaika I.HassaneinDepartment of Tropical Health (Division of Parasitology and Medical Entomology), High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20181220<strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a worldwide problem, and it is more prevalent in children. As the chemotherapy is taken, the host defenses are altered and the patient becomes more liable to infection. This study aimed at determining the frequency of parasitic infections among children with ALL in relation to controls, and to evaluate the different techniques used in the diagnosis of these infections. <strong>Methods: </strong>The study was carried out in Alexandria University Children’s Hospital at El-Shatby during one year. The study included 117 children with ALL, and same number of immunocompetent children as a control group. Stool, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood samples were collected and prepared to be examined by different techniques. <strong>Results: </strong>The overall percentages of parasitic infections were 90.6% and 58.1% among leukemic children and controls, respectively. Microsporidiosis was the most prevalent infection, and <em>Cryptosporidium parvum </em>was the most common coccidial infection. <em>Microsporidium </em>was the only parasite detected in the CSF of leukemic children. The best technique was modified Ziehl Neelsen to detect coccidia, Trichrome stain for protozoa and Quick-Hot Gram-chromotrope stain for microsporidial infection. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>There was a high percentage of parasitic infections among leukemic children, and the results indicate that the combination of many techniques is more likely to be effective in the diagnosis of these infections. https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22503_eb242047a0338ec570d69db30e52baf4.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060138Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of the High Institute of Public Health "AlexHealth 2008"20081101Environmental Management for the National Sustainable Development in Egypt; Case Study: Matrouh Governorate; Egypt1251452250410.21608/jhiph.2008.22504ENSherif M.ShawkyDepartment of Environmental Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20181220The North-West coast, NWC, of Egypt represents one of the longest coasts in the country; which extends from Alexandria in the east for 520 km to El-Salloum on the Libyan border to the west. The development plans have been lunched into the zone which is concerned with industrial, agricultural, mining, touristic, and environmental activities. The current study is concerned with studying the management of the different proposed development sectors in the coastal zones. A Strategic environmental assessment model, SEA, has been designed to formulate the correlation between the scoped factors of the study based on weighing forces of each on the other and on the whole process. The studied NWCZ has a fragile nature as a dryland and it is exposed to the deforestation phenomenon which may affect all the proposed future development plans. So, The agricultural and environmental proposed projects for the studied zone were found as the most positive projects for the area where they recorded 13 and 50 as numerical values; respectively. While; the industrial, mining, and touristic proposed activities, have recorded -38, -40, and -5, respectively.https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22504_a282364638a185f7e7cc1c4bed0c625a.pdfHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060138Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of the High Institute of Public Health "AlexHealth 2008"20081101Take Care MRSA is in the Neighborhood1461612250510.21608/jhiph.2008.22505ENWafaa M.K.BakrDepartment of Microbiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptLaila El AttarDepartment of Microbiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptSamah El KadyDepartment of Microbiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20181220<strong>Objective:</strong> The aim of the study was to: (i) evaluate the evidence for the emergence of MRSA in our community (ii) to evaluate the antibiotic profile of the isolated CA_MRSA strains. <strong>Methods:</strong> The clinical specimens were purulent exudates from different forms of suppurative skin lesions that were processed for isolation of S. aureus. The samples were obtained from 200 patients attending the outpatient clinic of the Dermatology Department in the Main University Hospital of Alexandria, Egypt. All samples were inoculated on to the surface of: blood agar, oxacillin supplemented CHROMagar Staph aureus (CSA+), and oxacillin-supplemented Mueller Hinton agar (MH+). Plates were examined after 24 hours and discarded as negative after 48 hours. All staphylococcal colonies isolated on each of CSA+ and MH+ were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing by the single disc diffusion method using: oxacillin, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, gentamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole. <strong>Results:</strong> The most common bacteria isolated was S. aureus, isolated from 81.04% of the studied samples, where 45 (26.32 %) were CA-MRSA. The sensitivity to detect CA-MRSA after 24 h by CSA+ was 73.33%. Prolonging the incubation period to 48 h improved the sensitivity to 95.56 %. The sensitivity of MH+ after 24 h was 68.89%, increased to 80 % after 48 h incubation. Multi-drug resistant strains of the isolated CA-MRSA represented 17.78%. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Further evaluation of CHROMagar Staph aureus with direct clinical specimens is needed before this medium can be used for routine direct screening for MRSA. Though the aim of selective and differential media for isolation of MRSA was to reduce the time and work load needed for its full identification when using ordinary media (which is 48 h), unfortunately 48 hours were required to increase the sensitivity of both CSA+ and MH+. So their use needs to be re-evaluated regarding cost, incubation time and performance. Empirical treatment should be guided by antibiotic susceptibility results due to the emergence of MRSA skin infection in the community.https://jhiphalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_22505_fffcba9bc293b3a81d87b4e34a93366f.pdf