High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060139220090401Effect of Feeding-Type on the Nutritional Status of Infants in Urban and Rural Area2392522075310.21608/jhiph.2009.20753ENLamia HafezAgriculture Research Center-Alexandria, Alexandria, EgyptEssam GhoneimAgriculture Research Center-Alexandria, Alexandria, EgyptThanaa El- KholyDepartment of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, EgyptJournal Article20181206<strong>Background</strong>: Breast feeding is widely accepted to be the optimal source of nutrition for infants, which providing them with suitable nutrients for growth, development and immune protection. <strong>Objective</strong>: The aim of this study was to compare between different types of feeding and nutritional status and development of infants in urban and rural area in El-Gharbia governement.100 infants and their mothers were chosen randomly from m.c.h. centers. <strong>Methods</strong>: Data were collected from mothers and anthropometric measurements were used to measure nutritional status of infants during vaccines time (2, 4.6.9.12 months). Physical development was followed in the same time. <strong>Results</strong>: The results showed that 45%of infants were boys and 55% were girls,83%of infants were breastfed ,7% were artificial feeding and 10% were mixed feeding. The mothers of most breast feeding infants (88.37% ) were either intermediate or highly educated. Regarding to nutritional status, there was 2%of infants were under weight (weight/age), 8% infants were wasting and 8% were overweight (weight/height). Under-weight was found among 14.28% of artificial feeding infants ,but not found among breast-feeding infants, while wasting was found among 28.56% of artificial feeding and 30% of mixed feeding. The differences in nutritional status by type of feeding were not significant. All children were anemic in both rural and urban areas. For physical development it was found that breastfeeding infants starting in sitting down, crawling and walking earlier than artificial and mixed feeding infants. <strong>Conclusion and Recommendations</strong>: The results of this study illustrated that breast-feeding is widely accepted in El-Gharbia -Egypt than other studies before. We can conclude that breast feeding is more suitable for infant's growth and development than other type of feeding.High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060139220090401Analysis of the Underlying and Multiple Causes of Death for the Kuwaiti Population 40 years and Over in Kuwait; Part I: Demographics2532652075410.21608/jhiph.2009.20754ENKamel A.AlsalehDepartment of Medical Records, College of Health Sciences, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, State of KuwaitMesa Al-SalehDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, State of KuwaitSaadoun Al-AzmiDepartment of Medical Records, College of Health Sciences, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, State of KuwaitIbtesam AlfaresDepartment of Medical Records, College of Health Sciences, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, State of KuwaitBader AlnashiDepartment of Food Sciences and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, State of KuwaitFahad Al-AgmyDepartment of Food Sciences and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, State of KuwaitJournal Article20181206<strong>Background:</strong> Improved health care brought about major changes in mortality pattern; life expectancy has increased and the causes of death are more likely to result from chronic diseases, death rarely result from a single cause and the use of the underlying cause of death (UCD) will overlook many of the contributing diseases that are highlighted by multiple cause of death (MCD) analysis. <strong>Objective:</strong> The paper addresses the demographic and non-clinical variables related to the number of causes recorded in the death certificates notification (DCN). <strong>Methods</strong>: All the DCN for the Kuwaiti population, 40 years or over for the period 1993-2001 were compiled and all the causes up to five additional causes were recorded. A total of 13960 cases (7966 males and 5994 females), reported in the period 1993-2001, were analyzed. The causes of death were provided according to the WHO ICD9. <strong>Results:</strong> A single cause (UCD) was reported in 5.6% of the cases, 27.1% had 3 causes and 12.5% had 6 causes. The mean number of causes amounted to 3.64 and 3.8 for the males and females. Variability according to the year was not marked. Those dying in the hospitals had a relatively higher mean number of causes compared to those dying in other places, and this was common to the 2 gender groups. A rising trend was seen with age; with the males the 60-, 70- or 80+ age groups had higher mean number of causes compared to the younger groups. With females the means for the 60- and 70- groups were relatively higher than the other groups, the group 40+ was having lower means compared to the other groups and this was common to the 2 gender groups, particularly with the males. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The UCD alone was reported for less than 7% of the causes of death among the Kuwaiti population 40 years or over. Use of multiple cause of death will add a lot of useful information that can be used to highlight several disease conditions not shown by the UCD.
<strong> </strong>High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060139220090401Cardiovascular Risk Profile as Related to Type of Work in Siwa2662812075510.21608/jhiph.2009.20755ENFahmy Charl FahmyDepartment of Occupational Health and Air Pollution, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptMoataza Abdel WahabDepartment of Biostatistics, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptMoustafa MouradDepartment of Microbiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20181206A cross-sectional study was carried out to study the conventional cardiovascular risk profile with special emphasis on hypertension and the relation to physical activity type of work, in Siwa community, as an example of underserved locations. A community based study targeting adult population of Siwa (25 years old and above) was conducted by members of the health convoy prepared by HIPH to Siwa Oasis. A cluster sampling technique was adopted randomly covering all districts of Siwa. The study included 202 respondents. The participants were interviewed using a pre-designed questionnaire including personal and long term enquiry of medical data, and dietary habits. Using standard methods, blood pressure was measured and blood samples were taken to test for the levels of cholesterol and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Results showed that 48% of the studied population were hypertensives and 64% had less active work. Multiple regression models, with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) as quantitative dependent variables, showed that the physical type of work was a significant independent factor in both models (p=0.003). Significant higher percents of smokers, overweight and obese, hyper-cholesterolemics, and hypothyroid cases were reported among less active work, in comparison to active work (p= 0.006, 0.0001, 0.002, and 0.004, respectively). In conclusion, cardiovascular risk factors are emerging at high rates in this community. Type of work physical activity seems to be an important risk factor that should be considered in preventive programs.High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060139220090401Application of Objective Structured Clinical Examination in Community Health Nursing Course: Experience of Staff Members and Students2823042075610.21608/jhiph.2009.20756ENAmel AhmedDepartment of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptSahar SolimanDepartment of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptLamiaa AminAwadDepartment of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptJournal Article20181206<strong>Background:</strong> Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) isthe most valid and reliable tool for evaluation of performance competency. There are different formats of OSCE to assess the cognitive and psychomotor skills as well as the knowledge recall and communication skills in an objective and consistent manner. It is important to involve students and examiners in changing or innovating of evaluation pattern. <strong>Objective:</strong> The present study aimed to investigate the perception and experience of staff members and students toward introducing OSCE as a new approach of assessment in community health nursing course. <strong>Methods:</strong> In addition to compare the applicability of using three different structured methods of simulated patient (Lay person with staff members, Staff members play double roles and two staff members), in order to find out the most appropriate simulated patient method. The study is a mix of quantitative and qualitative design. It was carried out at the fourth year community health-nursing students, totaling 160 students. All examiners (n= 16) and only 60 students participated at the focus group sessions. <strong>Results:</strong> The results revealed that most of students and examiners were satisfied with the objectivity of OSCE and the variety of questions that increase the chance of gaining marks. The students' level of performance ranged from good to excellent in all stations for most of students. <strong>Conclusion and Recommendations:</strong> The study recommends introducing OSCE into the curriculum of community health nursing course and holding comprehensive training for staff members on being a simulated patient and examiner at the same time. High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060139220090401Detection of Endotoxins and Bacterial Agents in Collected Blood Bags and their Recipients3053212075710.21608/jhiph.2009.20757ENMohamed ONDepartment of Microbiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptSadek NAHematology Department, Medical Research Institute, Blood Bank, Alexandria University, EgyptAbaza AFDepartment of Microbiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptAzzam WFHematology Department, Medical Research Institute, Blood Bank, Alexandria University, EgyptJournal Article20181206Bacterial contamination of blood and its cellular components remains an unresolved problem in transfusion medicine, and is considered to be the most common microbiological cause of transfusion associated morbidity and mortality. This is because contaminated units may contain large numbers of virulent bacteria as well as, endotoxins that are considered to be fatal to the recipients. Endotoxins are high-molecular weight complexes of lipopolysaccharides that constitute the major cell wall component in all Gram-negative bacterial families. These molecules have been intensively investigated because of the increasing appreciation of their potentially pathogenic role in a wide variety of human disease states. The present study aimed to detect endotoxins and bacterial agents in collected blood bags and their transmission to the recipients of these blood bags. The study involved 100 randomly selected blood bags and their recipients. They were all examined by Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay using gel clot method for detection of endotoxins and by blood culture for the detection of bacterial agents. Endotoxins were detected in five blood bags (5%) using LAL assay (gel clot method), while bacterial contamination was found in only one blood bag . The bag that gave positive blood culture yielded Staphylococcus aureus, which was mostly a skin associated organism and was considered as a contaminant related to the procedure during donor venipuncture. None of the 100 studied recipients of these blood bags revealed positive blood culture. It was concluded from this study that LAL assay is a rapid, easy to perform, and a highly sensitive test that can detect as little as 0.03 endotoxin units per ml using the gel-clot method. In addition not all endotoxins or bacterial agents could be transmitted to the recipients of blood bags, this depends on their volume and whether the recipient is on antibiotic therapy or not.High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060139220090401Training Program to Develop Teacher’s Awareness about Safety and Injury Prevention in Kindergartens3223332075810.21608/jhiph.2009.20758ENHala ElgrawanyDepartment of Child Health, Kindergarten College, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20181206
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The primary role of kindergarten teacher is to keep children safe and healthy. The aim of the present work was to improve awareness of teachers about safety and injury prevention in kindergartens through training program. The study was conducted through pre-post test design during summer training of kindergarten teachers in kindergarten college. The total sample of the study was 682 teachers. The sample was subjected to the followings: a- questionnaire to evaluate the awareness of teachers about safety (before and after the program). b- training program about safety including lectures, data show, field visits and workshops. The result of the study revealed significant improvement in the teacher’s awareness about safety after the training program and that there was a highly significant improvement in knowledge after the intervention program. </span>
High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060139220090401Undergraduate Nursing Students' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors towards Smoking3343532075910.21608/jhiph.2009.20759ENAmal SamirAhmedDepartment of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing-Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20181206<strong>Background:</strong> Nurses are expected not only to offer care for their patients, but also to model the advice they offer. Although nurses have an important role in health promotion and are well placed to see the harmful effects of tobacco smoking, Studies suggested that they smoke at much the same rate as other people of similar age and socio-economic status. <strong>Objective:</strong> The purpose of this study was to assess undergraduate nursing students' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors towards smoking. As well as to determine undergraduate nursing students' level of nicotine dependence. <strong>Methods:</strong> A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used in this study. All undergraduate nursing students at a private University in Jordan were surveyed in academic year 2005/ 2006 by using the Smoking & Health Promotion Questionnaire and Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND). <strong>Results:</strong> The findings of this study showed that more than half of the students (54.7%) were smokers and all of the smoker students were male. The majority of them commenced their smoking habit while in secondary school. Students had greater generic than specialized knowledge about the harmful effects of smoking on health. Non-smokers were more supportive of non-smokers' rights than those who continued to smoke. No statistically significant correlation was found between level of knowledge and attitudes towards smoking. Friends were an important influence on the decision to commence smoking. Most smokers wanted to cease smoking, and many had tried unsuccessfully to stop on one or more occasions. They conceded that the effects of stress, peer pressure and the pleasure they obtained from smoking acted as barriers to stopping. More than one third (39%) of the smokers had a high level of nicotine dependence as indicated by the total FTND score. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Results of this study may provide base line data to develop an anti-smoking program for nursing students.High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060139220090401Raising Awareness' of Risky Women of Osteoporosis towards Healthy Lifestyle3543692076010.21608/jhiph.2009.20760ENSahar SolimanDepartment of Community Heath Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptSamer Abd El-RaoufDepartment of Community Heath Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptAmel El- SaidDepartment of Community Heath Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptJournal Article20181206<strong>Background: </strong>Osteoporosis is a major threat to public health today and the most common bone disease world wide<strong>.</strong> Osteoporosis is a disease in which the density and quality of bone is reducing and increasing the risk of fracture. There is an increased awareness that osteoporosis is an international health care concern that affects millions of individuals worldwide, women are four times more likely than men to develop the disease. Therefore, raising awareness of risky women of osteoporosis towards healthy lifestyle can help the maintenance of healthy behaviors and reduction of life style factors that inhabit bone density. <strong>Objective:</strong> The aim of this study was raising the awareness' of risky women of osteoporosis towards healthy lifestyle. <strong>Methods:</strong> A quasi experimental design was used. The study was conducted from September 2008 up to January 2009, and the sample included 130 women. Three tools were developed by the researchers to cover the actual life style and assess the knowledge about osteoporosis and its prevention before and after awareness session and evaluate these sessions by using 3 points lickert scale. <strong>Results:</strong> The results revealed that 65.4% of women preferred fatty and starch food, 84.6% of them were drinking black tea, cola or coffee while 57.6% lacked physical exercises. There was significant difference (<em>p</em>≤ 0.05) between studied women mean score of life style pre and post implementation of awareness session regarding dietary habits and exercises. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> the study concluded that studied women had unhealthy life style which may lead to osteoporosis. However, raising awareness’ had positive effect on their life style.High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060139220090401Students’ Feedback on Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) Experience in Emergency Nursing Course3703872076110.21608/jhiph.2009.20761ENEman ZahranDepartment of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptEman TahaDepartment of Nursing Education, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20181206<strong>Background/Objective:</strong> Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) are an effective assessment strategy for assessing clinical skills and for highlighting curriculum problem areas Since its inception, the OSCE has been increasingly used to provide formative and summative assessment in various medical disciplines. <strong>Methods:</strong> The study was conducted at Critical Care Nursing and emergency Department, the Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Specifically in emergency nursing course. Data were collected using questionnaire comprised 26 items to determine students’ feedback in relation to OSCE as an assessment method in acute care. <strong>Results:</strong> The majority of students agreed that the OSCE was comprehensive and covered a wide range of knowledge and clinical skills taught and in addition the exam was less stressful than other exams and the students felt the OSCE exam highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. Moreover, the exam increased their self confidence to face real situations. <strong>Conclusion and Recommendations:</strong> OSCE as an assessment method is an effective method to test students’ competencies and teachers can diagnose the teaching defects and OSCE provides opportunities for students to learn from mistakes and increase their self confidence. OSCE can be implemented in different nursing specialties.High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060139220090401Impacts of Empowerment Strategies on Mothers’ Coping Abilities among Asthmatic Children at Dawadmi Governorate, K.S.A3884032076210.21608/jhiph.2009.20762ENWafaa HassanEl-SoreetyDepartment of Pediatric Nursing, Tanta University, Tanta, EgyptJournal Article20181206<strong>Background: </strong>Bronchial asthma is one of the most prevalent chronic lung diseases among children in Saudi Arabia. Morbidity and mortality associated with asthma has continued to increase despite advances in treatment and management. Improve maternal knowledge about asthma and Increase their coping abilities through the empowerment strategies will be expected to have a good impact on interventions of their asthmatic children, decrease the prevalence of complications, increase compliance with management as well as improve prognosis of the disease process and general health of the asthmatic children.<strong> Objective: </strong>Was to assess maternal knowledge, practice and coping abilities with asthma and to evaluate the impacts of the empowerment strategies on mothers’ knowledge, practice and coping abilities. The study was conducted at pediatric department of Al- Dawadmi General Hospital, Al Dawadmi Governorate, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. <strong>Methods: </strong>A sample of 50 asthmatic children mothers was included in the study. Interviewing questionnaire sheet and coping inventory scale were used to collect the required data (Pre and post empowerment strategies test were done). Data were collected in 4 phases (initial, developmental, implementation and evaluation). <strong>Results: </strong>The results revealed that most of asthmatic children were males (60%), 80% of them had positive family history and all of them (100%) were exposed to asthma triggers before asthma attacks. In total, 10%, 26% of mothers used nebulizer and O<sub>2</sub> mask correctly pre the intervention compared with 80% of them post intervention for both items. Only 12% of mothers avoided exposure to asthma triggers pre the intervention which changed significantly post the intervention where we found 86% of them avoided exposure to triggers. The minority of mothers (6%) had high coping abilities with asthma pre the empowerment strategies, which changed significantly post the empowerment strategies where we found 70% of them had high coping abilities. The results also demonstrated significant change in the disease prognosis and in the asthmatic children general health due to the impacts of the empowerment strategies. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>It was concluded that asthma is a common health issues affecting children with sometimes life threatening consequences that need continuous nursing intervention to improve disease prognosis, reduce severity of outcomes, reduce complications and improve maternal coping abilities.High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria UniversityJournal of High Institute of Public Health2357-060139220090401معدَّلُ انتشَارِ الرَّضاعةِ الطبيعيَّةِ المقتصرة والعواملُ المؤثرةُ عليها بقطاعِ الدَّمامِ4044192076310.21608/jhiph.2009.20763ENبدرية خالدالدبلDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, King Faisal University, KSAحنان عبداللطیفالسناريSpecialist of Family and Community Medicine KSAJournal Article20181206<strong><strong><span style="font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Background:</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal;"> Previous studies showed that the rate of exclusive breastfeeding has declined worldwide both in the poor and rich countries as well, and this rate declines more as the age of the infant increases. To the best knowledge of researchers, they did not find any new research about exclusive breastfeeding in Dammam region, this advocate them to do the current research. </span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Objectives:</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal;"> To find the rate of exclusive breastfeeding during the first (4-6 Months) for the2-year old- children at Dammam district.To study the relationship between exclusive breast feeding and the factors affecting it. </span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Methods:</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal;"> This is a cross-sectional randomized survey that was conducted in primary health care centers (PHCCS) at Dammam district. It included children from birth to 2 years of age. A questionnaire was designed to collect the data from the mothers who visited the selected PHCCS. The sample size was 1218 children. The statistical package (SPPS program) version 10.0 was used to analyze the results. </span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Results:</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal;"> The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was <span lang="AR-EG" dir="RTL">43</span>.9%, and this rate was higher in younger mothers. This study showed that most of mothers who have big family adopted exclusive breastfeeding and this was statistically significant. Logistic regression for exclusive breast feeding was significant with the use of contraceptive pill and pacifier. </span><strong><span style="font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Conclusion:</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal;"> The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding increased more slightly than previous studies but it was still low according to WHO recommendation. The rate of exclusive breastfeeding was less in older women and those who use oral contraceptive pills and who face problems during breastfeeding. It is recommended to increase health education about exclusive breast feeding to train midwives and nurses in helping mothers during breastfeeding and to increase laleche league in order to support breastfeeding mothers.</span></strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong>خلفية الدراسة: </strong>بينت الدراسات السابقة أن هناک انخفاضاً في معدلات الرضاعة الطبيعية المقتصرة في البلدان النامية والمتطورة على حد سواء وأن معدل الرضاعة الطبيعية المقتصرة ينخفض کلما تقدم عمر الوليد وذلک نتيجة للتغيرات الأقتصادية والأجتماعية والثقافية التي طرأت على مجتماعتها, ولم تعثر الباحثتان على دراسة حديثة في قطاع الدمام عن الرضاعة الطبيعية المقتصرة مما عزا بهما للقيام بذلک البحث لمعرفة معدل انتشار الرضاعة الطبيعية المقتصرة والعوامل التي تؤثر فيها. <strong>أهداف الدراسة: </strong>تحديد معدل الرضاعة الطبيعية المقتصرة على حليب الأم في فترة (6-4 أشهر) من عمر الطفل، وذلک لدى الأطفال في الفئة العمرية من الولادة إلى السنتين في قطاع الدمام. دراسة العلاقة بين الرضاعة الطبيعية المقتصرة والعوامل المؤثرة عليها. <strong>منهج الدراسة:</strong> هذه دراسة مقطعية مستعرضة عشوائية أجريت فى مراکز الرعاية الصحية الأولية في قطاع الدمام، وشملت الفئة العمرية من الولادة حتى السنتين، وقد استخدمت استبيان لجمع البيانات الخاصة بالدراسة، وقد تم جمع المعلومات من الأمهات المراجعات للمراکز الصحية المختارة. وبلغ حجم العينة 1218 طفلاً، وقد استخدم برنامج (spss) - الإصدار العاشر- لتحليل النتائج. <strong>النتائج: </strong>بلغ معدل الرضاعة الطبيعية المقتصرة لدى الأطفال البالغين اربعة أشهر من العمر في هذه الدراسة (43,9 %). وأوضحت الدراسة أن معدل الرضاعة الطبيعية المقتصرة کانت أعلى لدى الأمهات الأصغر سناً إلا أن نسبة ذلک تقل حسب التقدم في العمر، وکان لتلک العلاقة دلالة إحصائية موجبة. کما بينت النتائج أن غالبية الأمهات في الأسر الکبيرة يعتمدن على الرضاعة الطبيعية المقتصرة. کذلک أوضحت النتائج أن حوالي نصف الأطفال (48,6 %) الّذين لم يستعملوا اللهاية اقتصروا على الرضاعة الطبيعية وکانت تلک العلاقة ذات دلالة إحصائية معنوية (ح= 0.02). کما ان نسبة الرضاعة الطبيعية المقتصرة کانت أعلى لدى الأمهات اللاتي لم يعانين من مشاکل في الرضاعة الطبيعية کما أوضحت الدراسة أن العوامل المؤثرة حقيقة على الرضاعة الطبيعية المقتصرة هي استخدام اللهاية وحبوب منع الحمل. <strong>الاستنتاج والتوصيات:</strong> نستنتج من هذه الدراسة ان معدل الرضاعة الطبيعية المقتصرة قد ارتفع ارتفاعاً بسيطاً عن الدراسات السابقة وقد وجد علاقة ذات دلالة إحصائية معنوية بين الرضاعة الطبيعية المقتصرة و العوامل التالية حيث کانت نسبة الرضاعة الطبيعية المقتصرة أقل لدى الأمهات الکبيرات في السن واللاتي يستعملن حبوب منع الحمل واللاتي لديهن مشاکل في الرضاعة الطبيعية. وبناء على ذلک توصي الباحثتين بتکثيف التثقيف الصّحي عن الرضاعة الطبيعية المقصورة وکذلک تدريب القابلات والممرضات على مساعدة الأم أثناء الرضاعة الطبيعية و زيادة عدد لجان الامهات المشجعة للرضاعة الطبيعية لإعطاء الدعم للأم المرضعة.
<strong><br /> </strong>